1 / 29

Reconstruction

Reconstruction. 1865-1877. Aftershock: Beyond the Civil War. Part 1 Violence & Lincoln’s Assassination Part 2 Freedman’s Bureau & Johnson* Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9. Effects of the Civil War. Creation of a single unified country

jasper-morales
Download Presentation

Reconstruction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Reconstruction 1865-1877

  2. Aftershock: Beyond the Civil War • Part 1 Violence & Lincoln’s Assassination • Part 2 Freedman’s Bureau & Johnson* • Part 3 • Part 4 • Part 5 • Part 6 • Part 7 • Part 8 • Part 9

  3. Effects of the Civil War • Creation of a single unified country • Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment) • Increased power to federal government – tried to kill the issue of states rights • U.S. now an industrial nation • A stronger sense of nationalism • Western lands increasingly opened to settlement • South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction(rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

  4. Reconstruction • Federal government’s controversial effort to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the union • 4 Presidents were involved (1865-1877)

  5. Physical Toll • 2/3 shipping destroyed • 9,000 miles of railroad destroyed Value of southern property plunged 70%

  6. Human Toll • North 364,000 • South 260,000 (1/5 of adult white men) • Civilian deaths also occurred as the Northern troops moved through the South

  7. Southern Hardships

  8. Freed slaves had the freedom to… • Move – freed slaves looked for loved ones and married • Own land – provided some economic independence • Worship – formed own churches, volunteer groups, trade associations, drama clubs • To learn – 1860 – 90% illiterate • Schools opened • 1865-1870 – 30 African American colleges opened

  9. Issues facing Reconstruction • 2 issues to be resolved at the end of the Civil War • Seceded States • Freed Slaves None of these plans (so far) addressed issues facing freed slaves • Black Codes • KKK • Lynching

  10. Questions after the Civil War • 1. How and when should Southern states be allowed to resume their role in the union? • 2. Should the South be punished for actions or be forgiven and recover quickly? • 3. Would races have equal rights? • 4. Should the federal government be stronger? • The Founding Fathers didn’t foresee a Civil War, so there was no indication of which branch should handle the aftermath…

  11. 4 Reconstruction Plans were Developed • 1. Lincoln’s Plan • 2. Wade Davis Bill • 3. Johnson’s Plan • 4. Congressional Plan of 1867

  12. Lincoln’s Plan (10% plan) • He began working on the plan as early as December 1863 • He hoped to achieve unity without thoroughly punishing the South • He felt that the South did not legally secede from the union • Many felt his plan did not go far enough to support the rights, especially for voting, of African Americans

  13. 1.Lincoln’s Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction • Ten-Percent Plan • Offered forgiveness (PARDON) to all southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation • With 10% of the population pledging this, the state could then form a government that banned slavery and be readmitted into the Union • Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia • Angered Radical Republicans

  14. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address March 1865 • “with malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds…to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”

  15. Lincoln’s Plan upset Congress • Re-admitting states to the Union was a power of Congress, not the president • Since secession was against the law, Confederates had never legally left the Union • So Congress responds with… • The Wade Davis Bill • Once a majority of a state’s white, male citizens pledged loyalty to the union, it would be readmitted into the Union • Lincoln Pocket vetoed

  16. 2. Wade- Davis Bill (July, 1864) • So Congress responds with… • The Wade Davis Bill • Once 50% of a state’s white, male citizens pledged loyalty to the union, it would be readmitted into the Union • Lincoln Pocket vetoed • Many members of Congress wanted to view the Southern states as reconquered provinces

  17. Andrew Johnson • Becomes President after Lincoln is assassinated in 1865 • One-time slave-owner • Moved from North Carolina to Tennessee • Was the only southern member of Congress to side with the Union • Hated rich planters; strong supporter of poor whites • DEMOCRAT • In 1865, Congress took an 8 month break and Johnson pursued his plan…

  18. 3. Andrew Johnson’s Plan • Similar to Lincoln’s Plan • Except… • Wanted to break the planters’ power by excluding high-ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from voting • Pardoned more than 13,000 former Confederates so that “white men alone must manage the South” • All but Texas joined and sent Representatives to Congress, Congress refused to admit them

  19. Freedman’s Bureau • Begun in March 1865 (prior to Lincoln’s assassination) • 1st major federal relief agency in history • 1866 Congress voted to enlarge the Freedmen’s Bureau & forbid Southern states from passing black codes • provided food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, and education to former slaves • It redistributed • Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act

  20. What do you see (symbols, people, etc.)? • What words are used? • What can you infer from or about the cartoon?

  21. Republicans in Congress wanted… • Favored tougher rules for restoring the states that had left the Union • Wanted to truly give freed slaves freedom • Overrode Johnson’s veto of the Freedman’s Bureau and drafted the 14th Amendment • 14th Amendment grants citizenship to “all person’s born or naturalized in the United States” • Reconstruction plan: • Ratify the 14th and 15th Amendments • Write new state constitution that guaranteed freedmen the right to vote • Form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans

  22. 4. Congress Reconstruction • Congress drafted the Reconstruction Plan of 1867 • Denied state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans • Divided former Confederate states into 5 military districts • This would force southern states to grant African-Americans the right to vote and pass the 14th amendment to reenter the union. • Johnson vetoed • Congress overrode Johnson’s Presidential Veto

  23. Congress upset with Johnson, look for grounds to impeach him. • Find it after he violates the Tenure of Office Act in 1868 by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office • Senate did not vote to convict so he remains in office

  24. Presidential Election of 1868 • Ulysses S. Grant wins the election by 306,000 votes • Over 500,000 Southern African Americans had voted in which 9/10 voted for Grant • Radical Republicans introduce the 15th Amendment after the election • 15th Amendment no person can be kept from voting based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

  25. Republicans in the Postwar South • Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican Party • Mainly small farmers wanting to improve their economic position • Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the war • African Americans • Discontinuity in Southern Republicans • Scalawags and white Southerners resisted equal rights for African Americans

  26. African Americans during Reconstruction • 95% of former slaves were illiterate • First public schools established in the South by the new African American churches • Voted and held office in local, state, and federal governments • Many forced into sharecropping because they were denied land • Sharecropping: landowners divided their land and assigned each head of household a few acres, along with seeds and tools. • Sharecroppers kept a small share of their crops and gave the rest to the landowners

  27. Reconstruction Collapses • Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). • Goal was to destroy the Republican Party, Reconstruction governments, aid the planter class, and keep Af. Am.’s from engaging in politics • Killed approximately 20,000 men, women & children • Boycotted Af. Am.s who voted Republican • Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 to try and block the KKK • Supervision of elections in Southern states • Gave President power to use fed. Troops where KKK was active • May 1872 Congress passed the Amnesty Act allowing 150,000 former Confederates the right to vote and hold government offices • Also allowed the Freedman’s Bureau to expire

  28. What do you see (symbols, people, etc.)? • What words are used? • What can you infer from or about the cartoon?

  29. Reconstruction Collapses (Cont.) • Panic of 1873 after a series of banks fail leads to a 5 year depression • Supreme Court undoes some of the social and political changes Radicals made • Republicans retreat from Reconstruction policies • Southern Democrats regain control of the South • Election of 1876 • Samuel J. Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) • Tilden wins popular vote but misses by 1 electoral vote • S. Democrats agree to accept Hayes if federal troops are withdrawn from the South

More Related