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High & Late Middle Ages

High & Late Middle Ages. How are the High & Late Middle Ages different than the Early Middle Ages?. The Shifting of Power. During the High Middle Ages power in European society shifted from the Church  Monarchs Organized governments, armies and tax systems

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High & Late Middle Ages

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  1. High & Late Middle Ages

  2. How are the High & Late Middle Ages different than the Early Middle Ages?

  3. The Shifting of Power • During the High Middle Agespower in European society shifted from the Church Monarchs • Organized governments,armies and tax systems • Strengthened ties with townspeople: • Monarch could offer peace and prosperity that was needed for trade

  4. Rise of the English Kings • England invaded by Angles, Saxons, Vikings during the Early Middle Ages • War forced unification of Kingdom during this period • In 1066 Anglo-Saxon king Edward(William’s cousin) died without an heir • William of Normandy • Defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings to gain control England in 1066Named King • Nicknamed William “The Conqueror” • Takes over England

  5. Rise of the English Kings • William of Normandy • Gradual blending of Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon culture • Supported by Roman Catholic Church • Every monarch of England since has been his direct descendant(1066-2017) • Current royal family is the House of Windsor, and the current queen is Elizabeth the longest ruling monarch in the history of England • On 9 September 2015 she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.

  6. How did the English government evolve?

  7. Rise of the English Kings • William grants fiefs to the Church and his barons (lords), but kept a lot of the land for himself • He required vassal to first swear allegiance to him than to any lord • A census was taken, known as the Domesday Book, included all property in his lands • Helped him to have an accurate tax system

  8. Rise of the English Kings • King Henry II Inherits the throne • Broadened the justice system and created common law • Based on court rulings (precedence) and traditions, applied to all of England • Developed idea of jury under Henry • King John Son of Henry II • Weak ruler, cruel and untrustworthy • Lost lands in France to King Phillip • Was excommunicated • Forced to sign The Magna Carta

  9. Evolution of Government • Magna Carta 1215-The Great Charter • Limited Royal Power • Gave the nobles rights • Monarch is not above the law- RULE OF LAW • FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION IN EUROPEAN HISTORY • Foundation of US Constitution

  10. Evolution of Government • Parliament- founded in the early 1200’s • English Legislative Body • FURTHER LIMITS THE POWER OF THE MONARCH • Bi- Cameral • House of Lords- Nobles & High Clergy (Birth) • House of Commons- Knights and Middle Class (Vote) • Due Process of Law (5TH AMENDMENT) • Right to fair trial • Habeas Corpus • No False imprisonment

  11. Rise of French Monarchs

  12. French Monarchs • Territories mainly ruled by powerful nobles • Hugh Capet(987-996) and his heirs slowly increased the monarchies power • Made thrown hereditary • They would rule for 300 years(15 kings) • Played rival nobles against each other • Established order, bureaucracy and gained backing of new middle class

  13. Successful Monarchs in France • Phillip II(1179-1223) • Paid middle- class officials to run government, instead of nobles • Quadrupled royal land holdings • Louis IX(1226-1270) • Persecuted heretics, Jews, and led knights in the Crusades(declared a saint) • Helped to centralize government • Phillip IV(1270-1314) • Established the Estates General-representative body- no power to tax

  14. The CrusadesHistory’s Most Successful FAILURE

  15. Can something be a success and a failure? Explain Any examples?

  16. Causes • World in 1050 • Europe was emerging from isolation • The Catholic Church had risen to power • Islam was spreading from Spain to India • Muslim traders spread goods even further • Causes • Jerusalem was a holy land for the Christians • The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled that land and they began not allowing visitors • It was also believed that the increase in Muslim power would threaten Constantinople

  17. What were the Crusades? • Crusades were series of Holy Wars • Christians vs. Muslims over land in the Middle East • Lead to drastic changes in European World • In 1095 Pope Urban II issues a call for a “holy” war to capture the Holy land (Palestine) back from the Turks • Byzantine Emperor Alexius wanted help to save Constantinople from Turks • Pope assured that those that die in Crusade will have a place in Heaven • GOALrecapture the holy land from Muslims

  18. The Crusades • 1st Crusade 1096 • Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099, but in 1187 Jerusalem falls back to Muslim rule • Second Crusade fails to recapture Jerusalem • The Third Crusade was led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England • Despite war, eventually they came to a truce with Saladin, leader of Muslims • Christians (unarmed) would be allowed in Jerusalem • The next four Crusades were unsuccessful in recapturing city.

  19. The Crusades • Children’s Crusade-1212 • 20,000 – 30,000 children went out • Most died of disease, starvation and others were sold to slavery • Believed purity would keep them safe • Why did the Crusades “fail”? • After the 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less emphasis on winning • People soon became about making money and getting goods • Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic cities

  20. The Spanish Crusade • Continuation of the Crusades in Western Europe • Goal: Kick Muslims/ non Christians out of Spain • Reconquisita- Re –conquering of Spain • Inquisition– court used to suppress heresy (anyone different from teachings of Church) • Like a witch hunt against those not Christian • Began a century of Spanish world dominance

  21. Effects of Crusades • Increased trading between East and West*** • Will lead to massive Cultural Diffusion • Showed power of Church • Lead to the Commercial Revolution • Increased trading helped business flourish • Merchant class increased • Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians • Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually falls to Turks

  22. GOAL:Crusades  recapture the holy land from Muslims Did the Crusades achieve their goal? If not what did the Crusades do? Predict the “drastic” change we will see in Europe.

  23. How does culture influence society? What influences society today?

  24. Commercial Revolution • People in Europe had discovered the riches and the luxuries of the Middle East and Asia because of the contact caused by the Crusades • Guild system was created which protected businesses and allowed them to grow • Guilds are similar to labor unions today • Traded cloth, dye and leather

  25. Results of Commercial Revolution • Kings gain more power • More money available • King no longer needs to give land for loyalty, instead can give money • Growth of cities • Business growth End of Feudalism and decline in serfdom • Growth of merchants and middle class • People can live without farming • Trading increases  Age of exploration??

  26. Developments of the Middle Ages • Rebirth of Education • Church wanted better educated clergy • Men needed to be educated to help run government • Oxford University in England** • Development of Architecture: • A new style known as Gothic developed • It was known for features such as flying buttress, tall windows and sharp pointed features

  27. How does disease impact society? Bubonic Plague

  28. The Black Death • The Black Death: Bubonic Plague • Autumn of 1347 a trading ship left the Black Sea and in 1348 arrived in Genoa with the Plague • Medieval cities were susceptible to disease and infection • Close quarters, filthy living conditions, increased trading • Spread by rats and fleas • Rats move throughout Medieval cities • Trading ships infested rats (infected by fleas) • Spread along trading routes***** • Massive epidemic- widespread disease

  29. The Black Death • Symptoms: • Egg sized lumps • Fever • Vomiting • Black spots

  30. The Black Death • From Asia to Africa to Europe • 1/3 of the population dies (25,000,000) • Social Upheaval • Citizens panicked • Some turned to witchcraft and magic • Others turned to sinful behavior • Others beat themselves to show they repented their sins • Effects the Church, some begin to question God

  31. Long Term Effects • Effects of the Black Death: • Production declines • Increased wages Peasants move to cities • Economy falters • Inflation- rapid rise in prices • Normal life breaks down • People flee, Christians blame Jews • Contributed to the end of Medieval Europe

  32. Plague Only

  33. Full

  34. Does war or disease have a bigger impact on society?

  35. The Hundred Years’ War

  36. The Hundred Years War • England v. France • The war will devastate France and drain England • 1337- 1453 • Causes • Battle for territory focused on English claim to land in Normandy, English Kings laid claim to French throne • Economic rivalry into the future • Nationalism

  37. Hundred Years War • England has early victories: • Crecy(1346) • Poitiers(1356) • Agincourt(1415) • Advances in Technology • Superior weaponry • Crossbow • Longbow- greater range, rapid fire • Could fight from distance • Could fire 3 arrows for every one fired by France

  38. French turn the Tide • Joan of Arc “God sent her to save France” • 17 year old peasant, who rallies French troops • Assists in the crowning of King Charles VII • Claimed to hear voices • Called a heretic and captured by the English • Condemned for witchcraft by the English and burned at the stake, later sainted • Death inspires French troops- seen as a martyr

  39. Victory for the French • French win the war: • Regain lands(Normandy) • Aided by the cannon, a powerful new weapon • Effects of the French victory- • Monarch expand power • Take back land from the English • Created a feeling of national pride • Growth of technology

  40. Loss for the English • English defeat • Turn to overseas trading Age of Exploration • Power shifts to parliament • Gains the power of the purse • Monarchy looses power • Leads to end of Knights and lessening of need for Feudalism • Castles begin to disappear, cannot withstand new technologies

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