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Typology

Introduction in Linguistics Tongji University November 11 2013 Marjoleine Sloos. Typology. What to learn?. Language typology Language universals Syntactic typology Phonological typology Dialect typology. Contents. Language typology Language Universals

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Typology

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  1. Introduction in Linguistics Tongji University November 11 2013 Marjoleine Sloos Typology

  2. What to learn? • Language typology • Language universals • Syntactic typology • Phonological typology • Dialect typology

  3. Contents • Language typology • Language Universals • Syntactic typology: Word order • Phonological typology: Segmental inventory • Dialect typology • Chinese dialects: dialect tree • Predictions • Segmental inventory • Syllable structure • Tonal inventory • Syntactic differences

  4. What Is Language Typology? The comparison of structural patterns between languages and language varieties.

  5. Word order • Which languages do you know? • What is the word-order in terms of SVO?

  6. Word order

  7. Word order

  8. Language Universals • Joseph Greenberg (1915-2001) supposed there are a number of universals in languages • Basic order SVO? AN? • Others are derived from that? • Or: language samples investigated are biased? • Large database: http://wals.info/

  9. Universal implications • If a language has X, it also has Y • E.g. If a language has X, it also has Y • "If a language has primarily an SOV order and the genitive follows the noun, then the adjective also follows the noun” • “If a language has gender specification, it must have number specification”

  10. Phonological Typology • Segmental inventory • Consonants • Vowels • Tonal inventory • Number of tones • Tonal contours • Syllable construction • C1V C1VC2 C1GV C1GVC2 • Possible restrictions on C1 or C2 • Co-occurrence restrictions

  11. Anhui dialect Shaanxi dialect Shanghai dialect Zhejiang dialect Henan dialect Shanghai dialect Fujian Dialect Mandarin

  12. Chinese dialects • Anhui • Shaanxi Mandarin • Henan • Zhejiang Wu • Shanghai • Fujian Min

  13. Consonant Chart IPA

  14. Vowel chart IPA

  15. Chinese dialects: Consonant inventory • Anhui • Shaanxi • Henan • Zhejiang • Shanghai • Fujian

  16. Chinese dialects: Vowel inventory • Anhui • Shaanxi • Henan • Zhejiang • Shanghai • Fujian

  17. Chinese dialects: Typology of tone • Anhui • Shaanxi • Henan • Zhejiang • Shanghai • Fujian

  18. Chinese dialects: Syllable construction • Anhui • Shaanxi • Henan • Zhejiang • Shanghai • Fujian

  19. Typological analysis • Segmental inventory • Mandarin • Wu • Min • Between

  20. Typological analysis • Segmental inventory • Mandarin • Wu • Min • Between

  21. Typological analysis • Tonal • Mandarin • Wu • Min • Between

  22. Typological analysis • Syllable Structure • Mandarin • Wu • Min • Between

  23. What did we learn? • How to analyse languages and dialects typologically • Main topics in typology • Syntax: Word order • Morphology: Reduplication • Phonology: Segmental inventory, tone, syllable structure

  24. Assignment • As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects • Compare the different dialect groups (Mandarin, Wu, Min) with each other; are the differences smaller/larger than within the Wu and Mandarin groups? • Is the difference between Mandarin and Min larger than between Mandarin and Wu/Min and Wu? In which respects (not)? • Is Wu in between Mandarin and Min? In which respects (not)? • Is there a relation between geographical distance and typological difference?

  25. Assignment • As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects • Write a paper in which • For each dialects you describe the sound inventory, tonal inventory, syllable structure • You describe the typological differences between the dialects and the dialect groups • You speculate about the relation between geographical distance and typological difference

  26. Next week • Language acquisition

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