Long Bone Structure

1. Long Bone Structure Basic parts of the long bone: 1. Shaft is known as the ________________. • Consists of a thick ____________of compact bone surrounding a ________________________________ (yellow bone marrow/ fat in adults) 2. Expanded ends are ______________ • Consists of a _______layer of _____________ bone covering an interior of ____________ bone. • These _______surfaces are covered w/ a type of __________cartilage called ____________cartilage. It ___________the bone ends and reduces _____________during movement.

2. 3. The _____________surface of the entire bone except for the joint surfaces of the epiphyses is covered by a double-layered membrane known as the ________________. • Outer fibrous layer is ________ ______________ ______________ tissue. • ________________is richly supplied with _____________ fibers, ________________vessels and ________________vessels. • These enter the bone of the shaft via a nutrient ________________. • ________________is connected to the bone matrix via strong strands of ________________.

3. 4. ________________bone surfaces are covered with a delicate ________________tissue membrane known as the ________________. • Covers the ________________of spongy bone in the ________________cavities and lines the canals that pass through ________________bone. • Contains both ________________ and ________________.

4. Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones 1. Thin plates of ________________- covered compact bone on the outside and ________________________________ spongy bone within. 2. Have no ________________or ________________… why? 3. Contain bone ________________ between their trabeculae, but no ________________cavity. 4. In flat bones, the _____________ spongy bone layer is known as the ________________, and the whole arrangement resembles a stiffened sandwich.

5. Bone Marrow • The soft tissue occupying the ________________cavity of a long bone. • There are 2 main types: ________________________________ • ________________________________= blood cell forming tissue = ________________tissue • Looks like ________________but with a thicker consistency. • It consists of a delicate mesh of ________________tissue saturated with immature _____________________ ___________ and scattered ________________. Notice the red marrow and the compact bone

6. Distribution of Marrow 1. In a child, the _______________ cavity of nearly every bone is filled with ____ bone marrow. 2. In young to middle-aged adults, the shafts of the long bones are filled with __________________________________________________________. • ______________marrow no longer produces ____________, although in the event of severe or chronic ___________, it can transform back into ______ marrow 3. In adults, ______ marrow is limited to the _______skeleton, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of the humerus and the femur.

7. Growth in Bone Length • ________________cartilage (close to the epiphysis) of the ________________ plate divides to create more ________________, while the ________________ cartilage (close to the diaphysis) of the ________________ plate is transformed into bone. This increases the ________________ of the shaft.

8. At puberty, growth in bone length is increased dramatically by the combined activities of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and the sex hormones. • As a result osteoblasts begin producing bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Thus the bone grows while the epiphyseal plate gets narrower and narrower and ultimately disappears. A remnant (epiphyseal line) is visible on X-rays (do you see them in the adjacent femur, tibia, and fibula?)

9. Fracture Types Fractures are often classified according to the ________________of the bone ends after the break: 1. ______(_____________) bone ends penetrate the ______. 2. ________(___________) bone ends don’t penetrate the _____. 3. ______________bone fragments into __ or more pieces. Common in the ________________ (________________ bones).

10. 4. ________________ bone breaks ________________. One side _____, one side _______. Common in ___________ whose bone contains more __________ and are less mineralized. 5. _________ ragged break caused by excessive _____________forces. ________________________________. 6. ________________________________ one bone fragment is driven into the ________________space or ________________ bone of another.

12. Bone Disorders 1. ________________ • Literally “________________.” • Typically occurs from amount of ________________ in the diet and ________________ deficiency. 2. ________________ • Children's form of ________________ • More detrimental due to the fact that their ______ are still ________________. • Signs include ________ legs, and deformities of the ________________________________________________________________________________. What about the above x-ray is indicative of rickets?

13. 3. ________________ • Osteo=________ + myelo=_____________ + it is=________________. • ________________of ______ and bone ________________caused by pus-forming ________________that enter the body via a wound (e.g., ___________ fracture) or migrate from a nearby ________________. • ________________before the advent of ________________.

14. 4. ________________ • Group of diseases in which bone ________________occurs at a faster rate than bone ________________. • Bone _________drops and bones become increasingly ___________. • ________________fractures of the ________________and fractures of the ___________ are common. • Often seen in ________________ ________________because they experience a rapid decline in ________________ secretion; ________________helps the bones ________________ and encourages cells to use dietary ______________________ ______________________________ ______________________________.