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Transformations in Europe 1500-1750: Religious & Cultural Shifts, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, & Social Changes

Explore Europe's dynamic changes from religious reformation to the Enlightenment, impacting culture, science, society, and governance. Discover key figures and movements shaping Europe's evolution during this influential period.

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Transformations in Europe 1500-1750: Religious & Cultural Shifts, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, & Social Changes

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  1. Chapter 16 Transformations In Europe 1500-1750

  2. How were Culture & Ideas Changing? • Sale of Indulgences • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Protestant Reformation • Religious Wars • Counter Reformation

  3. Religious Changes

  4. Traditional Culture & Witch Hunts • Conflict between formal religion & pre-Christian local beliefs & practices • Witch hunts

  5. What was the “Scientific Revolution”? • Challenged prevailing conceptions of physical world • Sought natural causes to explain universe

  6. The Early Enlightenment • Scientific method could analyze economics, politics, social organization to create policies

  7. Who Am I? • Leviathan • Religion should be separate from politics • Emphasized reason • People are fearful and predatory • State should have “absolute power”

  8. Who Am I? • People are born “good” • God given “Natural Rights” • Life, Liberty, Property • Power of state should be limited • Social contract • Freedom of Religion

  9. Who Am I? • The accused should have rights • Death penalty and torture are wrong • Education essential • Right to fair and speedy trial • Punishment should fit the crime

  10. Who Am I? • Limit power of King • Three Branches of Government • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances

  11. Who Am I? • Individuals have rights • Majority rule • Reason and individual rights essential • Individuals should be allowed to experience and explore life.

  12. Who Am I? • Single legislature with advisory board • Advisory board would work for the government and not receive paid • Slavery wrong and should be abolished • Simple lifestyle was best • Inventor • Diplomat

  13. Who Am I? • Trusted the people to make best decisions • Limited government • Education crucial to success of democracy • All should have the opportunity for education

  14. Who Am I? • All things should be explained logically and reasonably • Fought against intolerance, tyranny, superstition • Freedom of thought and respect for all • Religion too powerful • Literature useful for understanding problems of the day • “Candide”

  15. Who Am I? • Fought for the rights of women • Fought against inequalities in education • Equal opportunity for all • People should be judged on individual merit and moral virtue, not on gender

  16. Who Am I? • “Wealth of Nations” • Self-interest guides the efficient use of resources • “free enterprise” • People who earned money benefited themselves and society • Charity virtuous but society should not depend upon it

  17. Social & Economic Changes • Wealthy urban bourgeoisie thrived • Built relationships w/ monarchs • Bought land & titles • “Married up” • Facilitated trade • Joint-stock companies • Stock exchanges • Transportation infrastructure

  18. How did life change for Peasants & Laborers? West Europe=Serfdom declined East Europe=gained prominence African slaves working in Americas contributed to Europe’s economy

  19. How were women & families changing? • Women’s status same as husband & family • Love, affection led to slight increase in status • Late marriage led to increased independence from parents • Low birth rate • Emphasis on education led to more schools • Women barred

  20. Political Changes • Monarchs power increased • Strong armies • Elaborate bureaucracies • High taxes

  21. Monarchies in England & France Bourbon Kings Develop “absolutist” style government English Bill of Rights

  22. Versailles

  23. Warfare & Diplomacy New military technologies (cannon, muskets), & large standing armies or navies

  24. Paying the Piper High cost of war led rulers to form alliances with commercial elites. Spain’s economy declined with expulsion of Jews, Protestants, and Muslims.

  25. Summary • The religious reformations combined with the Scientific Revolution led the way for the Enlightenment, an age of reason, and the movement to apply newly discovered natural laws to social behavior. • Foreign and domestic trade spawned rapid growth in European cities and the rise of a wealthy commercial class, with Amsterdam in the Netherlands the most vivid example. Agricultural improvements increased production but the Little Ice Age and increased mining of forests caused more difficulties for the poor. • The Holy Roman Empire declined in strength from religious fragmentation while Spain and France increased centralized power. The English increased naval power and established direct taxation and a central bank, making the nation stronger financially than other European powers.

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