Transformations in Europe

1. Transformations in Europe Reading Notes

2. Section 2: The Renaissance

3. What does renaissance mean?Why is it used to describe this period? Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It is used to describe the European cultural revival based on classical Greek and Roman ideas.

4. List five reasons the Renaissance originated in Italy. Wealthy Italian merchants and bankers had money to spend on luxuries and art. City-state rulers competed with rivals to bring glory to their cities by offering financial support to writers and artists. Trade had given Italians a greater awareness of the world. Italian people were surrounded by the remains of classical Rome. Scholars from the Byzantine Emperor brought knowledge to Italy.

5. 3. a. Dante “My name is Dante. I am most famous for writing the epic poem The Divine Comedy. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because I write in both classical Latin and Italian vernacular, making learning available to a wider audience.”

6. 3. b. Raphael “My name is Raphael. I am most famous for painting the School of Athens. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because my works reflect the humanist devotion to classical ideals.”

7. 3. c. Petrarch “My name is Petrarch. I am most famous for writing Italian poetry. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because I am a humanist who appreciates classical works.”

8. 3. d. Erasmus “My name is Erasmus. I am most famous for writing the Praise of Folly. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because I am a Northern humanist who maintains my Christian faith but also writes works that are critical of the church and society.”

9. 3. e. da Vinci “My name is Leonardo da Vinci. I am most famous for painting The Mona Lisa. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because I am a true “Renaissance man” and am a skilled painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer.”

10. 3. f. Shakespeare “My name is Shakespeare. I am most famous for being the greatest writer of the Northern Renaissance. I exemplify the ideas of the Renaissance because I write in vernacular English and use themes of humanism and classical culture in my plays.”

11. 4. How did the ideas of the Renaissance transform Europe? The ideas of the Renaissance transformed Europe by spreading art and ideas throughout Europe and introducing humanist ideals and new ways of thinking.

12. Section 3: The Reformation

13. 1. List the problems in the Catholic Church and the solutions Luther proposed. Problems in the Catholic Church Luther’s Solution Wrote a letter to the church complaining about corruption, such as selling indulgences. Argued that salvation came from faith alone, not from church rituals like confession and praying to the saints, and that any Christian could read the Bible and understand God’s message. • Pope and high church officials lived in wealth and luxury. Some • clergy had wives and children despite vows of celibacy. The church engaged in corrupt practices, • including selling church positions, charging for services, and selling indulgences (pardons)

14. 2. Martin Luther Martin Luther was a Catholicscholar in Germany who criticizedthe Catholic Church, andsparked the religious revolt known as the Reformation.

15. 2. Pope Leo X Pope LeoXwas the leader of the Catholic Church whodemanded that Luther retract his teachings and then excommunicated Luther from the church.

16. 2. John Calvin JohnCalvinwas a SwissProtestant who formed a strict Christian denomination that valued hard work and rejected worldly pleasures. His beliefs impacted religion in British North America.

17. 2. Henry VIII Henry VIII was the kingof England who in 1534 broke from the Catholic Church and formedthe Anglican Church.

18. 3. Steps taken by the Catholic Church to reform and renew itself in the Council of Trent meetings The Counter Reformation The church also increased missionary activity and built lavish new churches to boost membership the church ended the sale of indulgences improved education for priests increased order and unity in the church

19. Section 4: The Scientific Revolution

20. 1. What factors promoted the growth of science in the 1500? The Renaissance and Reformation undermined traditional authority and encouraged independent thought, encouraging the growth of science. Universities gave scholars the opportunity to pursue studies in science and math. Overseas trade and exploration brought new knowledge from abroad and sparked interest in new scientific fields such as astronomy and mapmaking. The printing press helped spread information and promote new learning.

21. 2. How did Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton advance scientific understanding? Copernicus Offered the heliocentric theory that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. Galileo Observed the sky with a telescope and supported the heliocentric theory. Newton Explained the laws of gravity and motion in his 1687 book, Principles. People began to see the universe as a well-designed machine.

22. 3. Describe the scientific method.How did Descartes and Bacon contribute to its development? The scientific method is a series of steps. Scientists pose a problem or question based on an observation, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis in an experiment, and then analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct or not. Descartes believed human reason could be used to solve complex problems. Bacon emphasized the value of experimentation.

23. 4. How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolutiontransform Europe? The Scientific Revolution established the foundations of modern science and led to new technologies that transformed the world. It also inspired new ways of thinking about human society based on reason and progress.

24. Section 5: The Enlightenment

25. 1. a. How did Classical Greece and Rome inspire Enlightenment thinkers? Thinkers adopted the idea that people should have a say in their government

26. 1. a. How did the Renaissance inspire Enlightenment thinkers? Thinkers were inspired by its ideals of individualism and secular thought

27. 1. a. How did the Reformation inspire Enlightenment thinkers? The Reformation habit of questioning authority inspired Enlightenment thinkers to discover truth for themselves

28. 1. a. How did Classical Greece and Rome inspire Enlightenment thinkers? Thinkers adopted the idea that people should have a say in their government

29. 1. b. How did the Renaissanceinspire Enlightenment thinkers? Thinkers were inspired by its ideals of individualism and secular thought

30. 1. c. How did the Reformationinspire Enlightenment thinkers? The Reformation habitof questioning authority inspired Enlightenment thinkers to discover truth for themselves

31. 1. d. How did the Scientific Revolutioninspire Enlightenment thinkers? The goal of understanding the laws of nature directly inspired Enlightenment thinkers who wanted to understand human society

32. 2. a. Thomas Hobbes “I am most famous for writing Leviathan. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I argued that there are logical reasons why absolute monarchy is the best form of government.”

33. 2. b. John Locke “I am most famous for my idea that the basis of government is a social contract. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I argued for natural rights and a constitutional monarchy.”

34. 2. c. Adam Smith “I am most famous for writing The Wealth of Nations. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I laid the foundation for modern economics and explained how the free market would benefit society as a whole.”

35. 2. d. Baron de Montesquieu “I am most famous for writing The Spirit of the Laws. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I argued for separation of powers in government, a principle which is used in the United States.”

36. 2. e. Voltaire I am most famous for my writings. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I believed in free speech and religious freedom.”

37. 2. f. Jean-Jacques Rousseau I am most famous for believing that people are corrupted by society. I exemplify the ideas of the Enlightenment because I argued that people come together to form a government, and therefore the people should write the laws.”

38. 3. Identify four ways the Enlightenment transformed Europe.Circle the two effects you think are the most important and explain why for each. The Enlightenment transformed Europe by encouraging new ways of thinking among political leaders; giving rise to new political ideas like liberty and natural rights, which inspired the American and French revolutions; promoting an optimistic faith in the future; and encouraging secular and scientific attitudes in society.