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Transformations in Europe

Transformations in Europe. 1450-1750. The Renaissance. Began in N. Italy-1300’s, spread to N. Europe-1500’s Knowledge of Greece and Rome was recovered (aided by contact w/Muslim world) The arts (painting, sculpture, etc.) flourished. Mona Lisa by daVinci. Michelangelo's David.

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Transformations in Europe

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  1. Transformations in Europe 1450-1750

  2. The Renaissance • Began in N. Italy-1300’s, spread to N. Europe-1500’s • Knowledge of Greece and Rome was recovered (aided by contact w/Muslim world) • The arts (painting, sculpture, etc.) flourished

  3. Mona Lisa by daVinci

  4. Michelangelo's David

  5. The Protestant Reformation • Began w/Martin Luther’s criticism of indulgences sold by Catholic Church • 95 Theses (1517) spread quickly throughout Germany due to printing press • Luther excommunicated in 1520 • Much of N. Europe had converted to Protestantism by mid-1500’s

  6. The Catholic Reformation • A response to challenge of Protestantism -Doctrines clarified (Council of Trent) -Protestants encouraged to return -Spiritual revival (Jesuits)

  7. Reformation Europe

  8. Religious Wars • Century of warfare in Europe followed the Reformations • Most destructive-30 Yrs. War (1618-1648) • Ended w/Treaty of Westphalia • Religious conflict was exported to New World

  9. Consolidation of Sovereign States • “New monarchs” used religious issues to consolidate power -England (Henry VIII) -France (Louis XI and Francis I) -Spain (Ferdinand, Isabella Philip II) • Two paths- Constitutionalism (England, Neth.), Absolutism (France, Russia, Austria)

  10. The Scientific Revolution • Ptolemaic universe 1st challenged by Nicholas Copernicus

  11. Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, others built on work of Copernicus • Natural world now understood acc. to “natural”, or scientific law (Newton’s Principia) • Scientific method revolutionized anatomy, physiology, chemistry, botany, etc. into 18th c.

  12. [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th'earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it.... John Donne, 1611

  13. The Enlightenment • Scien. Rev. showed universe behaved acc. to fixed laws • Human beings-part of natural world • Therefore, fixed laws governed human behavior as well • Society could now be understood and improved (optimism)

  14. “…it would be very peculiar that all nature, all the planets, should obey eternal laws” but a human being, “in contempt of these laws, could act as he pleased solely according to his caprice (whim).” Voltaire

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