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Perception

Explore the process of organizing and interpreting information to recognize meaningful objects and events. Discover how expectations influence our perception and common Gestalt principles. Learn about depth perception, binocular and monocular cues, and perceptual consistency.

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Perception

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  1. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

  2. Group A • You are going to look briefly at a picture and then answer some questions about it. The picture is a rough sketch of a poster for a costume ball. Do not dwell on the picture. Look at it only long enough to “take it all in” once. After this, you will answer YES or NO to a series of questions.

  3. Group B • You are going to look briefly at a picture and then answer some questions about it. The picture is a rough sketch of a poster for a trained seal act. Do not dwell on the picture. Look at it only long enough to “take it all in” once. After this, you will answer YES or NO to a series of questions.

  4. Picture

  5. In the picture was there . . • A car? • A man? • A woman? • A child? • An animal? • A whip? • A sword? • A man’s hat? • A ball? • A fish?

  6. Conclusion • Top Down processing – you go beyond the sensory information to try to make meaning out of ambiguity in your world • What you expect (your experiences and your perceptual set) drives this process • Today we will see what expectations we all have in common.

  7. Muller-Lyon IllusionWhich is longer?

  8. The images are exactly the same except for the thick black area in the right image (an example of the Poggendorff illusion (1860)). In the figure on the right, there appear to be two continuous diagonal lines: a red and a blue line. What occurs in your visual system that could account for the appearance of the continuous diagonal lines?

  9. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt means “an organized whole” • These psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  10. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt psychologists focused on how we GROUP objects together. • We innately look at things in groups and not as isolated elements. • Proximity (group objects that are close together as being part of same group) • Similarity (objects similar in appearance are perceived as being part of same group) • Continuity (objects that form a continuous form are perceived as same group) • Closure (like top-down processing…we fill gaps in if we can recognize it)

  11. Gestalt and the Urge to Organize

  12. Figure Ground Relationship Our first perceptual decision is what is the image is the figure and what is the background.

  13. Depth Perception • The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional. • Allows us to judge distance.

  14. Depth Cues • Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment. • If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception. • We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories: • Monocular Cues • Binocular Cues

  15. How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception? • Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes • Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye

  16. Binocular Cues • We need both of our eyes to use these cues. • Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater. • Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).

  17. Monocular Cues • You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth). • Linear Perspective • Interposition • Relative size • Texture gradient • Shadowing

  18. More Monocular Cues • Relative Height: things higher in our field of vision, they look farther away • Relative Motion: things that are closer appear to move more quickly. • Light and Shadow: Dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light. • Relative Clarity: we assume hazy objects are farther away.

  19. Perceived Motion Phi phenomenon: An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

  20. Stroboscopic Effectthe perception of motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation, movies)

  21. Perceptual Consistency • Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changes.

  22. Constancy • Objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move….but we are able to maintain content perception • Shape Constancy • Size Constancy • Brightness Constancy

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