Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?

1. Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?

2. Jews: Abraham was prepared to sacrifice Isaac/Temples. Christians: Jesus was crucified. Muslims: Muhammad ascended into heaven; Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem

5. The Crusades Pope Urban II – launched the First Crusade in 1095 to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims (Turks) Jerusalem was captured in 1099 and all the Muslims and Jews were slaughtered. YouTube - Crusades 1 Christians v. Muslims

6. Saladin recovers Jerusalem for the Muslims in 1187. He spares the lives of all the Christians; truce is declared; Muslims allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to the Holy Land. Other Crusades were organized, but were never as large as the First Crusade. Turks become “Protectors of the Faith” in Islam. YouTube - Crusades 2 The Crusades

7. Jewish Discrimination • Removed from Jerusalem 2000 years ago by the Romans. • Faced with discrimination • Prohibited from certain jobs • Tortured and killed for their beliefs

8. Examples of Historical Discrimination • Black Plague • Expulsion from France and England • Exodus from Spain in 1492 • “Christ Killers”… Pontius Pilate frees Barabus not Jesus • Jewish people are faced with discrimination everywhere they go

9. Discrimination in the years leading up to World War I (1914) • Russian Pogroms (“Devastation”) • Organized campaign to instill fear and cause harm to Jewish people. • French Dreyfus Affair • Jewish general falsely accused of sending secret documents to German embassy in Paris. • Will be straightened out eventually, however, this event was used as propaganda against the Jewish people.

10. Theodor Herzl • Founder of Zionism • Nationalism- every ethnic group deserves a home • Will increase in popularity as anti-sentiment increases in time.

11. Zionism • The Jewish people’s desire to obtain a homeland. • Balfour Declaration: A letter from British government (James Balfour) to Walter Rothschild.

12. “Foreign Office,November 2nd, 1917.Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country".I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.Yours sincerelyArthur James Balfour ”

13. Nazi Holocaust • Hitler—uses the Jewish people as ascapegoat for all the problems of the once great, fallen empire.

14. Concentration Camps • Three types of camps: • Concentration • Labor • Death

15. Jewish People Killed under Nazi Rule

16. Current Events

17. Benjamin Netanyahu vs. Tzipi Livni

18. Netanyahu • Likud party- “consolidation” (unification) • Campaign: national security • Likud party: will never agree to the return of the pre-war 1967 borders • Will not negotiate with terrorists • Accusation against Livni of giving up Jerusalem

19. Livni • Kadima party – “forward” • Willing to possibly make concessions to Palestinians. • Used to work for Mossad • 1980s- Ran missions to kill Palestinian Terrorists. • “Terrorist Killer” in the past… possibly more willing to make concessions than the Lukid.

20. Quote on Livni: • “Tzipi was not an office girl… She was a clever women with an IQ of 150. She blended in well in European capitals, working with male agents, most of them ex-commandos, taking out Arab terrorists.”

21. Questions? • Why are these elections being held? • Ehud Olmert resigns… accused of corruption • Under the presidency of Barack Obama, what would you infer is the current United State’s stand on the issue? • Negotiate for peace with both political parties. • The Kadima party is slightly more promising than the others • Why do you think it is difficult for Middle Eastern leaders to make peace? • Extremist groups don’t want peace on BOTH sides… • Yitzhak Rabin assassinated in 1995 by one of his own for negotiating with PLO’s Yasser Arafat.

22. Cold War • Why is the United States hesitant to directly support Israel against the Arab nations? • USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs • Hypothetical situation • Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb • Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

23. Partitioning of Palestine • After World War II ends in 1948, the British and United nations decide to divide Palestine into two regions • UN General Assembly Resolution 181 • Provinces • Jerusalem- an international city, where all could travel to freely • Sound familiar? • West Bank- Arab Territory • Gaza Strip- Arab Territory • Golan Heights- Arab Territory

24. Israeli Conflicts • War of 1948- Israel Created… one day later attacked by six nations… • Egypt • Jordan • Lebanon • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Iraq

25. Israel defeats Six Nations • HOW??? • Arab nations have trouble coordinating with one another…. Don’t listen to one another • Israel supported financially (if not militarily) by many nations/ Golda Meir • Infrastructure of Israel already exists • Backed into a corner… fighting for survival

27. Israeli Conflicts • 1956- Suez Crisis… • “"Hospitality is one thing, surrendering the canal is another” • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Originally controlled by British • Taken over by Egypt • In response, British will ask Israel to reclaim the canal. • Israel easily invades and will seize control…

28. Golan Heights- Syria • Strategic for military purpose • Control of water ways • (Jordan River)

29. War of 1948

30. Nasser continued • “We are eager for battle in order to force the enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab reality face to face.” -- 1967

31. Six Day War (1967) • Fear of an imminent attack from bordering Arab nations force Israel to attack first. • Extremely successful • In a little less than six days, Israel defeats Arab Nations… only losing 800 troops in opposition too the Arabs 15,000 (approximately 1:16 ratio)

33. “IDF soldiers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and Haim Oshrí, at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly after its capture on June 7, 1967 and 40 years later.”

34. How and why would the Arab World attempt to strike at the US for its support of Israel? • Terrorism – Islamic Fundamentalism • Economics – OPEC Oil Embargo

35. Recap of the Arab-Israeli Wars • Who seems to have the upper hand in the conflict? • What are the main issues that the Israeli’s and Arabs are fighting over? • Is there a simple solution to the problem at hand?

36. Islamic Fundamentalism • 1967 - Six Day War had shown many Muslims that God had turned away from them; Decisive victory for the Jews; It was a humiliating defeat for Muslims. • Islamic Fundamentalism – the only way back to God was to return to pure religion. • Islam at its founding – the time of Mohammed • Strict interpretation of the Koran; Sharia Law • Jihad– wage war against those that insult Islam. • “Near Enemy” – impure Muslim society; secular • “Distant Enemy” – the West; secular; pro Israel

37. Sayyid Qutb • Arrested under Nasser administration. Why? • Very intelligent • Studied in Greeley, Colorado @ Colorado State Teachers College

38. Qutb continued • Developed hatred towards American way of life • In charge of newspaper that went against Nasser’s western peace policies. • Will be hanged under Nasser administration • Ran a newspaper • Accused of trying to plan a revolt against Nasser

39. Left- Anwar Sadat B. Left- Younger Golda Meir Down- Golda Meir

40. Surprise Attack in 1973 • On Yom Kippur, Anwar Sadat (Nasser’s successor) sends army out to catch Israeli’s off guard. • Success at first, but land will be reclaimed by Israel, under prime minister Golda Meir. • Truce is agreed too for the time being. • Known as the Yom Kippur War.

41. Cold War • Why is the United States hesitant to directly support Israel against the Arab nations? • USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs • Hypothetical situation • Add into the mix: Nuclear Bomb • Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US, USSR, and the entire world.

42. OPEC • Formed in Baghdad 1960 • Stationed in Vienna, Austria • Goal: To regulate oil prices • Original members • Iran • Iraq • Kuwait • Saudi Arabia • Venezuela

43. US Interferes in Yom Kippur War • Help to re-supply the Israeli’s after the Arabs surprise attack them via airlift. • Tensions increasing between US and Arab nations. • US has supported Israel since 1948

44. Oil Embargo of 1973-74 • American demand for resources • American cheap prices • What would be the best way to get back at the United States for being sympathetic for Israel?

46. Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) • Punishment to America for helping Israel during Yom Kippur conflict • Stop shipping oil to the US • “You should pay more for oil. Let’s say ten times more.” –1973 Shah of Iran • increasing prices by 70% to America's Western European allies. • Overnight, the price of a barrel of oil to these nations rose from $3 to $5.11. [In January 1974, they raised it further to $11.65.]

47. What does the United States do? • $1 Million to $400 Million • Alternative energy resources • Solar Power • Wind Power • Arctic Drilling?

48. Case Study: General Motors (GM) • 1970s- Number 1 Car Maker in the World • Had begun research on alternative fuels • Electric cars using Fuel Cells • How does this work? • Similar to a battery… except runs on a never ending cycle.

49. If GM began this research, and were the leading researcher, then why are we not driving them today? • Profit: General Motors could make more money selling gas guzzling SUVs • Who leads in Fuel Cell research today? • Is it too late for General Motors to make the shift over?

50. Prudhoe bay- Population in 2000: 5 • 1977- 20% of US oil consumption comes from Alaska. • Risks involved? • Is this the right solution? What are some other alternatives?