Two Nations Live on the Edge

1. Two Nations Live on the Edge

2. Atomic Bomb Splits Atoms Scientists suspected that it would be possible to build a bomb which fuses atoms-a hydrogen bomb Estimated to be 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima Race for the H-Bomb

3. Many questioned the morality of creating such a weapon Oppenheimer opposed this project However, now that the Soviets had an atomic bomb, the US had no advantage Race for the H-Bomb

4. Politicians and the military pressed for a more powerful weapon According to them, we had to develop one before the Soviets did Truman authorizes work on the H-Bomb Race for the H-Bomb

5. 11/1/52- US explodes the 1st H-Bomb 10 times more powerful than they thought it would be American advantage lasted less than a year Soviets exploded their own in August 1953 Race for the H-Bomb

6. Dwight Eisenhower now President Secretary of State-John Foster Dulles-staunch anti-communist Not willing to make any compromises with communism Brinkmanship

7. Dulles proposed a new policy – the US would keep peace by promising to use all its force – including nuclear weapons- against an aggressor nation This policy was known as brinkmanship Brinkmanship

8. This policy placed more importance on nuclear weapons – and the planes that delivered them So, US trimmed the army and navy, but beefed up the size of the air force Produced massive numbers of nuclear weapons Brinkmanship

9. Arms race begins Soviets respond by building more of their own nuclear weapons Americans convinced that Soviet bombs were pointed at American cities Kids did air raid drills Families built bomb shelters Fear of nuclear war became a constant fear Brinkmanship

10. National defense now dependent on nuclear arms Eisenhower relies more heavily on Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for information Cold War Spreads Around the World

11. Cold War Spreads Around the World • CIA used spies to gather information • Carried out covert actions • Secret operations • In attempts to overthrow governments unfriendly to the US

12. Eisenhower equated Soviet leadership to totalitarian dictatorship of WWII Soviet leadership was ordering secret operations against its enemies Eisenhower felt the US was at a disadvantage & should carry out covert actions Covert Actions

13. 1951 Iran- Prime Minister placed oil industry under govmt control To protest, western nations stopped buying Iranian Oil As Iranian govmt struggled-US feared Iran would turn to Soviet Union Covert Actions – Middle East

14. 1953-CIA urged Shah(King) of Iran to replace Iranian PM with someone pro-western Iranian people remained loyal to the Shah PM fled Covert Actions – Middle East

15. 1954- Eisenhower believed Guatemala had communist sympathies Gave over 200,000 acres of American owned land to peasants Covert Actions – Guatemala

16. In response CIA trained army Invaded Guatemala Captured nation’s leader (Guzman) and his forces CIA trained army’s leader Carlos Castillo Armas became new dictator of the nation He killed thousands Assassinated in 1957 Covert Actions – Guatemala

17. US/Soviet relations seemed to improve after the death of Stalin in 1953 Soviets recognize West Germany Conclude peace treaties with Austria and Japan A Summit in Geneva

18. A Summit in Geneva • However… • Soviets grew fearful when W. Germany re-armed and joined NATO • Formed its own military alliance-Warsaw Pact-w/ Eastern European satellite nations

19. July 1955-Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland To meet w/ Soviet leaders in the 1st East-West summit conference since WWII A Summit in Geneva

20. Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” policy US & Soviet Union would allow flight over each other’s territory To guard against a surprise nuclear attack Rejected by Soviets-thought it was a trick to find Soviet nuclear weapons A Summit in Geneva

21. Summit accomplished nothing specific But it seemed to promise a movement toward peace A Summit in Geneva

22. Cold War affected the Middle east as well as Europe 1955 US & Britain agree to finance a dam in Egypt at Aswan, along the Nile River Crisis in the Middle East

23. Gamal Nasser, head of Egypt, began to strengthen his ties with communist nations US & Britain withdrew offer to build the dam Angry Nasser seized the Suez Canal Which was owned by Britain and France Crisis in the Middle East

24. British & French angry Israel also angry at Egypt-which had been making terrorist raids into Israel Britain, France & Israel invade Egypt- October 1956 Crisis in the Middle East

25. Soviets threaten to launch missiles against Britain and France US warns-it would not tolerate such action UN imposed a cease fire Canal reopened in 1957-under Egyptian management Crisis in the Middle East

26. Nikita Khrushchev new leader of Soviet Union Openly criticized Stalin in Feb of 1956 Said Stalin committed crimes against the Soviet people Soviet Aggression in Hungary

27. People wondered if Khrushchev was going to be less repressive Eastern European nations began to dream of breaking free of Soviet control Soviet Aggression in Hungary

28. Leaders were debating about how much freedom to grant Hungary Hungary had attempted to remove Soviets officials & to reform the government - more rep. Khrushchev allowed for a reform minded premier to take control of Hungary Imre Nagy Soviet Aggression in Hungary

29. Hungary wanted out of the Warsaw Pact Soviets respond brutally Soviet tanks roll in and killed 30,000 Hungarians Thousands fled to the West Soviet Aggression in Hungary

30. Eisenhower offered no military aid Protested the invasion Sent $20 million for food and medicine Soviet Aggression in Hungary

31. Soviet prestige grew in middle east due to support of Egypt Eisenhower had to provide a counterbalance Issued Eisenhower Doctrine- US would defend middle east against any communist attack Eisenhower Doctrine

32. 1957-US thought they were ahead of the Soviets in military technology US had warheads that could deliver warheads 1,500 to 3,000 miles But by August 1957-Soviets developed an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Cold War Takes to the Skies

34. Oct. 4,1957- Soviets use an ICMB to launch the 1st unmanned satellite out of Earth’s atmosphere Sputnik traveled 18,000 miles/hr Circled globe every 96.2 minutes If the Soviets could do this they could hit the US w/ a missile Sputnik Launches the Space Race

35. Americans felt vulnerable to nuclear attack US seemed to be falling behind in science and technology Schools attempted to improve math, science, and foreign language classes Sputnik Launches the Space Race

36. American scientists frantically tried to catch up January 31, 1958 US successfully launched its 1st satellite Race to built bigger satellites and better weapons systems was on Sputnik Launches the Space Race

37. CIA was making high altitude flights over Soviet Union US. used the U2 spy planes Could fly higher than Soviet fighters Beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire Was able to take detailed photos U2 is Shot Down

38. Eisenhower wanted flights discontinued Was afraid that if one was shot down if would hurt US/Soviet relations Dulles persuaded him to authorize 1 more flight U2 is Shot Down

39. May 1, 1960- US spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet territory US said it disappeared while on a weather mission Khrushchev announced what had happened U2 is Shot Down Sukhoi Su-9

40. Shot down 1,300 miles deep in Soviet Territory Powers was captured alive Bad moment for the US Eisenhower took responsibility for the flight U2 is Shot Down

41. Denounced Eisenhower at what was supposed to be a second peace summit at Geneva-then left U2 incident ended Eisenhower’s effectiveness as a peacemaker Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower

42. Powers was in a Soviet prison for 17 months before the US was able to negotiate a prisoner exchange • The U-2 incident increased tensions between the US & USSR to new heights ;)

43. Daily Assignment: • Read over chapter 18 • Answer the review questions #11-20 (p.632 – green book)