Exploring the Marvels of Ocean Chemistry and Currents

1. Ocean Motion 16

4. Section 1 Ocean Water • A.Oceans are important for food, mineral, and energy resources; transportation; and weather and climate. • 1.Moist air masses move on land from oceans • 2.Oceans keep some places warm while creating cool, foggy days elsewhere

9. B.Oceans formed from volcanic water vapor. • 1. Water vapor cooled, condensed into storm clouds. • 2.Rain fell and filled low areas on Earth called basins. • 3. 70% of earths surface is covered by water

10. C.Oceans contain gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen • a.Oxygen enters the water directly from the atmosphere and from organism that carry out photosynthesis • b.Carbon Dioxide enters from the atmosphere and organisms that respire

12. D.The oceans also contain dissolved salts such as chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium ions. • 1.Ion is a charged atom or group of atoms • 2.Ions come from rocks that are dissolved slowly by rivers and groundwater that flows into the ocean

13. C.Salts • 1.Most abundant elements in seawater is hydrogen and oxygen • 2.When seawater evaporates these ions combine to form salts -- 3.Sodium and Chlorine make up most of the ions in seawater • 4.When water evaporates sodium and chlorine combine to make the salt Halite

14. 5.Halite is commonly know as Table Salt • 6.Salinity—measure of salts dissolved in seawater • 7.One kilogram of ocean water contains about 35 grams of dissolved salts (3.5%)

18. 8.The elements in the ocean are balanced, which means they are added and removed at about the same rate. • 9.Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater. • a.Similar to the Water Cycle • b.Desalination Plants

23. Discussion Question • What gases are in ocean water? • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

24. Section 2 • Section 2: Ocean Currents • Mass movement, or flow of ocean water

26. A. Surface currents move the top few hundred meters of water horizontally, like rivers within the ocean. Powered by winds. • 1.The Coriolis effect is the shifting of winds and surface currents from their expected path and is caused by the Earth’s rotation. • 2.Image drawing a line straight out from the center of disk to the edge while the disk is rotating.

27. http://vortex.weather.brockport.edu/~sweinbec/class/34_Coriolis.htmlhttp://vortex.weather.brockport.edu/~sweinbec/class/34_Coriolis.html

28. An airplane takes off from the North Pole and flies in a straight line toward the equator. During the flight time, Earth constantly, but slowly, rotates, so the path of the airplane from the ground would look like it had curved. The plane looks like it flew to the west, or right as Earth rotated. If you were watching Earth's surface from a fixed spot in outer space, you would see the plane move in a straight path, and Earth rotate underneath.

34. 3 .Because earth spins to the east, winds appear to curve to the right • 4.These winds cause water to pile up in certain parts of the ocean • 5.Coriolis effect causes currents north of the equator to turn to the right • 6.South of the equator to turn left

35. 7 Much knowledge of surface currents comes from nineteenth-century sailors. • 8 Items washed up on beaches can be used to study currents. • 9 East coast surface currents are warm because it is flowing from the equator, West Coast currents are cold because they are flowing from the poles

36. B. A circulation that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface is called upwelling. • C. When a mass of seawater becomes more dense than the surrounding water, a density current forms.

37. Upwelling

39. 1.Density currents begin in Antarctica and the North Atlantic Ocean and flow along the ocean floor towards the equator. • a.Ice forms in the Antarctic, but leaves the salt behind in the unfrozen water • b.Extra salt increases the salinity making it denser. • c.Denser water sinks to ocean floor and moves slowly toward the equator • d. May take 1000 years to reach the equator

43. 2.An intermediate current forms in the Mediterranean Sea. • a.Evaporation causes water to become more dense (Salinity) • b.Denser water flows out of the Mediterranean at a depth of 320 Meters • c.When it reaches the Atlantic Ocean it flows at a depth of 1000-200meters

44. 3. Density can be caused by increase in salinity, or temperatures

45. Section 3 Ocean Waves and Tides

47. A. Wave—rhythmic movement that carries energy through matter or space • 1. Waves look like hills and valleys with the crest the highest point and the trough the lowest part. • a. Wavelength is the horizontal distance between crests or between troughs of two adjacent waves.

48. b. Wave height is the vertical distance between crest and trough. • c. Half the distance of the wave height is called the amplitude of the wave • d. Amplitude squared is proportional to the amount of energy the wave carries.