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Ocean Motion

Ocean Motion. 17.1 Ocean Water. Oceans and You Origin of Oceans Earth used to be more volcanic Volcanic explosions include lava, ash, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gasses. Water vapor condensed into storm clouds. Oceans were formed when torrential rains filled low areas.

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Ocean Motion

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  1. Ocean Motion 17.1 Ocean Water

  2. Oceans and You • Origin of Oceans • Earth used to be more volcanic • Volcanic explosions include lava, ash, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gasses. • Water vapor condensed into storm clouds. • Oceans were formed when torrential rains filled low areas. • Basins – low areas on Earth

  3. Composition of Oceans • 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water • Water can not be used for drinking water because of salts. • Chloride, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. • Salts come from rivers and groundwater that slowly dissolve elements.

  4. Salinity • Most abundant salts are sodium and chlorine • Sodium and chlorine combine to form Halite (rock salt) • Salinity – the measure of the amount of slats dissolved in seawater. • Oceans have 35g of salts for 1kg of water (3.5%) • Element Removal • Oceans are considered to be in a steady state. • Removal of elements from biological processes or by becoming sediments.

  5. Desalination • The process that removes salt from ocean water • Seawater evaporates, salt is left behind • Continuing to develop technology to desalinate water. Pg. 497 1-4

  6. Ocean Motion 17.2 Ocean Currents

  7. Surface Currents • Surface Currents – move water horizontally – parallel to Earth’s surface. • Powered by the wind • Move water in huge circular patterns • Move only the upper few hundred meters of seawater • Move seeds, plants, boats

  8. The Gulf Stream • American Colonial era, ships floated on the 100-km-wide Gulf Stream current to go from North America to England. • 1600s first writings of Gulf Stream • 1700s first maps • Other Factors That Influence Surface Currents • Coriolis effect – caused by the rotation of the Earth • Surface winds are turned as the Earth rotates • As surface winds turn so do currents

  9. Why are surface currents important? • West coast currents start at poles and are cold • East coast currents start near equator and are warm • Surface currents distribute heat from equatorial regions to other areas influencing climate • Upwelling • Upwelling – circulation in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.

  10. Density Currents – Read this section aloud • Density Current – convection current when more dense seawater sinks under less dense seawater • Density of seawater can be increased by an increase in salinity or a decrease in temperature. • Density currents distribute heat throughout the Earth’s oceans Pg. 504 1-3

  11. Ocean Motion 17.3 Ocean Waves and Tides

  12. Waves • Wave – Rhythmic movement that carries energy through matter or space • Crest – Highest point of a wave • Trough – Lowest point of a wave • Wave Height – vertical distance between crest and trough • Wavelength – horizontal distance between the crest of troughs of two waves.

  13. Wave Movement • Water particles do not move forward as the wave passes, unless the wave is breaking. • Shallow areas create friction with the bottom of the wave, slowing it down. • Crest and trough get closer together, and wave height increases. • Top of the wave moves faster than bottom. • Waves collapse. • Gravity pulls water back into sea.

  14. Waves Caused by Wind • Wind causes friction making the water move • If wind speed is great enough wave forms • The height of waves depends on the speed of the wind, the distance the wind blows, and the length of time. • Waves continue after wind stops blowing. • Tides • Tide – rise and fall in sea level • Tides are caused by a giant wave

  15. Tidal rage – difference of the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide. • The Gravitational Effect of the Moon – READ • The moon’s gravity exerts a strong pull on Earth. • Two bulges of water form, one at the point closest to the moon and one at the exact opposite side of the Earth. • The crests of these waves are high tides • The Gravitational Effect of the Sun • Sun can strengthen or weaken the moon’s effects • Spring Tides • Neap Tides

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