Exploration & Colonization of the Americas

1. Exploration & Colonization of the Americas

2. I. First Immigrants-Native Americans Archeological Theory: Ancient Asians migrated across a land bridge formed during the last Ice Age in search of food. Approximately 30,000 years ago. -These first Americans hunted game and gathered available fruits and vegetables. They then developed farming techniques so that they could live in one place without roaming.

3. I. First Immigrants-Native Americans -Several large civilizations developed: Aztecs-Central Mexico Mayas-Central America Incas-Peru *All were highly developed with large cities and calendars *They were far more civilized earlier than European settlements

4. I. First Immigrants-Native Americans U.S. Civilizations Anasazi-Southwest-built large pueblo apartment houses Inuit-Northernmost-Eskimos Plains Indians-Great Plains-tracked large buffalo herds Eastern Woodlands-hunted small game and fed off abundant forests Iroquoi-New York-built longhouses and formed League of Iroquois-5 tribes

5. II. Exploration A. Why Explore? Gold, God, Glory Gold-European monarchs needed money to finance armies God-Many wanted to spread Christianity Glory-A sense of adventure and heroism attracted many explorers

6. II. Exploration B. Age of Discovery Explorers-All wanted to find a quicker route to Asia. China's riches were the grand prize. Conquistadores 1. Hernando Cortes(1521)-conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with his army & 100,000 Indians who hated the Aztecs. 2. Francisco Pizarro(1533)-conquered the Inca in Peru.

7. II. Exploration C. Different Nations=Different Goals Spanish-Spread Christianity and conquer to build an empire French-Establish trading posts English-Colonize

8. III. Colonization In the late 1500's, colonies led by individuals failed miserably. Joint-stock companies developed-Groups of investors who bought shares in the colony. The first English attempt was by Sir Walter Raleigh on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. This resulted in a failure and the “Lost Colony.” Virginia Dare-first European child born in the Americas

9. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Problems: 1. Land chosen was swampy, unfit for farming, and full of disease. 2. Colonists were "gentlemen", rather than farmers and workers. 3. Colonists spent too much time searching for gold and silver.

10. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Solutions: 1. John Smith took over and forced colonists to work. 2. New type of tobacco introduced that grew well in Virginia.

11. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Events: 1. 1618-headright system gave colonists 50 acres and increased immigration. Most immigrants were still indentured servants, however. 2. 1619-First Africans arrived, most likely as indentured servants.

12. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Events: 3. 1619-July 30-22 representatives called burgesses met to outline laws for the colony 4. 1624-After large loss of colonists and the bankruptcy of the Virginia Company, King James I revoked its charter, taking total control. Virginia was now a royal colony.

13. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 2 Groups, 1 Reason: Religious freedom -Anglican Church in England persecuted religious dissenters (people who disagreed).

14. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 1. Puritans-wanted to purify & reform the Anglican Church. Beliefs: -Humans were naturally sinful-original sin -Your fate was predetermined-predestination -Harsh punishment for drunkenness, theft, swearing, and idleness -Ministers led congregations, not bishops 2. Separatists-wanted to separate from the Anglican Church

15. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 Plymouth-Separatists made a financial deal with the Virginia Company. They called themselves Pilgrims and sailed on the Mayflower. The group had aimed for the northern coast of Virginia, but missed badly, landing near Cape Cod. Native Americans named Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims survive with farming techniques and making peace.

16. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 *Mayflower Compact*-since they were out of the Virginia Company's territory, 41 men drew up this agreement to outline "just and equal laws...for the general good of the colony." Importance: Landmark in development of the tradition of rule by the people. (democracy) They elected William Bradford as governor.

17. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 Massachusetts Bay-John Winthrop formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and founded the colony at Boston with 1000 colonists. Very successful and well supplied, the colony eventually absorbed the Plymouth Colony.

18. III. Colonization Other Colonies: Rhode Island-Roger Williams-1631- banished from Massachusetts, he and a group of followers founded Providence. It became a safe haven for dissenters. New York(New Netherlands)-founded by the Dutch on Manhattan Island as a trading post. English took over and renamed the colony in 1664.

19. III. Colonization Other Colonies: Maryland-Sir George Calvert and his son, Lord Baltimore (Catholics) 1649-Maryland passed the Act of Toleration=freedom of worship Georgia-Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 with 2 purposes: (1) Place where debtors could start over (2) Military protection from the Spanish

20. III. Colonization Other Colonies: Proprietary Colonies: Land grants given as gifts by the English king. Carolinas- founded by a group of 8 supporters called Lords Proprietors Pennsylvania-William Penn-1680-Quakers Beliefs: Tolerant of other religions, disliked ceremonies, pacifists, inner light Delaware-divided from Pennsylvania

21. IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture Colonies found products to export for profit. Cash crops-crops sold so colonists could buy other items. Examples: Virginia/Maryland-tobacco South Carolina-rice & indigo North Carolina-wood products

22. IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture A. Plantation Economics -These cash crops created 3 specific things: (1) large farms around rivers (2) need for lots of labor (3) wealthy class of plantation owners

23. IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture C. Slave Trade 1. First slaves were Indian captives or prisoners of war. By 1700, the African slave trade flourished. Slaves came mostly from West Africa and Central Africa 2. The voyage over, called the Middle Passage, killed many before they arrived in America.

24. IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture C. Slave Trade 3. Virginia & Maryland-Slaves worked on tobacco farms with white overseers. Many became artisans skilled in a trade such as blacksmithing or carpentry. 4. South Carolina-Large rice plantations meant large groups of slaves & very few artisans.

25. IV. Diverse Colonial Life North=Commerce A.. Port Cities-these cities grew quickly as a result of trade. Largest colonial cities were Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Charles Town. Most people were still small farmers who relied on barter. B. Triangle of Trade-Trade Routes between the colonies, Europe, and the West Indies.

26. VI. English Power in the Colonies A. Mercantilism-theory that a nation becomes powerful through trade 1. England used colonies to provide products they could not 2. Naval power developed to protect trade interests 3. Shipbuilding and fishing became important industries

27. VI. English Power in the Colonies B. Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663-passed to protect English mercantilism 1. Forced colonists to use English ships and trade directly with England 2. Massachusetts was investigated and had their charter revoked in 1684 for violations

28. IV. Colonial Democracy A. Traditions 1. Legislatures-people’s voice in the government. These varied from colony to colony. 2. Protection of Rights 3. Voting-privilege of the wealthy and educated 4. Religious freedom-Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson established 5. Freedom of the Press-John Peter Zenger in 1735 was tried for printing damaging stories about the governor of Pennsylvania. Jury found him not guilty because the stories were true.

29. IV. Colonial Democracy B. Roots The American System derived from these main sources 1. Ancient Greece and Rome 2. Magna Carta (1215)-limited the power of the king. 3. English Bill of Rights (1689)-Parlaiment listed the rights of all citizens

30. IV. Colonial Democracy B. Roots 4. John Locke-2 ideas: (1) 3 Natural Rights-life, liberty, and property (2) Social Contract-people have agreed to be governed if the government protects them. If it does not, they do not have to obey. (consent of the governed) 5. Montesquieu-French philosopher-separation of powers-prevented tyranny

31. V. Britain Tightens Control As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain tried to force them to obey. Britain also needed money to pay off war debts. A. Acts of Parliament Royal Proclamation of 1763-No colonists past the Appalachian Mountains Sugar Act (1764)-taxed certain imports like sugar and molasses

32. V. Britain Tightens Control As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain tried to force them to obey. Britain also needed money to pay off war debts. A. Acts of Parliament Quartering Act (1765)-required colonists to house and supply British troops Stamp Act (1765)-required stamps on all printed material

33. V. Britain Tightens Control B. Colonial Reaction "No taxation without representation" - Patrick Henry Believed that since the colonies were not represented in Parliament, they had no right to tax them. Protests: Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods. Merchants also created nonimportation associations, agreeing not to buy British goods.

34. V. Britain Tightens Control C. More Acts 1766-Parlaiment repealed the Stamp Act Declaratory Act (1766)-said that Parliament did have the right to pass laws in the colonies. Townshend Acts (1767)-taxed wine, tea, paper, glass, and lead. This taxation went aginst mercantilist theory

35. V. Britain Tightens Control D. Tensions Explode-Boston Massacre March 5, 1770* Boston had become the center of colonial protest and disobedience. Troops were sent to the city to enforce laws. 7 British soldiers fired on an angry mob of colonists, killing 5.

36. V. Britain Tightens Control E. Final Events -Colonies established committees of correspondence to communicate. -Boston Tea Party-Dec. 16, 1773-Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians boarded 3 ships and dumped 15,000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor.

37. V. Britain Tightens Control E. Final Events -Intolerable Acts (1774)-passed to punish Boston. Closed Boston harbor and sent more troops. -Continental Congress-Sept. 1774-representatives from colonies met and voted for: total boycott of British goods, raising militia, repeal of all Parliamentary laws.

38. VI. Colonial Independence A. Second Continental Congress-May 10, 1775 Leaders: Benjamin Franklin-Pennsylvania John Hancock-Mass., chosen as president George Washington-chosen to lead the army Thomas Jefferson-Virginia Decisions: Printed money, established post office, created committees to communicate. *Olive Branch Petition-Congress offered peace, but George III refused to read it.

39. VI. Colonial Independence B. Common Sense-Thomas Paine Pamphlet called for complete independence. Said that independence was the “destiny” of all Americans. He said that independence would create a better life in the colonies. He blamed the king for tyranny. 500,000 copies of it were sold and it helped influence colonists in favor of independence.

40. VI. Colonial Independence C. The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson selected by the Congress to write it. Issues debated: Slavery, women’s rights, total independence. 4 Sections: (1) Preamble-introduction (2) Social Contract-philosophy (3) Grievances-complaints (4) Proclamation of independence