The Periodic Table

1. The Periodic Table Chapter 6

3. Why is the Periodic Table important to me? • The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. • You get to use it on every test. • It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

4. Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry … • …was a mess!!! • No organization of elements. • Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! • Difficult to find information. • Chemistry didn’t make sense.

5. I am Dmitri Mendeleev! I made the PERIODIC TABLE !

6. What is the PERIODIC TABLE? • Shows all known elements in the universe. • Organizes the elements by chemical properties.

7. HOW HIS WORKED… Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. SOME PROBLEMS… He left blank spaces for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!) He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together. Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table

8. How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?

9. The Current Periodic Table • Mendeleev wasn’t too far off. • Now the elements are put in rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! • The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. • The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.

10. What is the ATOMIC NUMBER? • The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom Or • The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

11. What is the SYMBOL? • An abbreviation of the element name.

12. What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT(atomic mass)? • The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

13. How do I find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element using the periodic table? • # of PROTONS= ATOMIC NUMBER • # of ELECTRONS= ATOMIC NUMBER • # of NEUTRONS= ATOMIC _ ATOMIC MASS NUMBER

14. How to read a periodic table! • Elements are put in rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! • The horizontal rows are called PERIODS and are labeled from 1 to 7. • The vertical columns are called GROUPS, or families, and are labeled from 1 to 18. • Periods are horizontal rows (across) the periodic table, while groups are vertical columns (down) the table. Atomic number increases both as you move down a group or across a period.

15. Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!! • Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! • (Mendeleev did that on purpose.) Why?? • They have the same number of valence electrons. • They will form the same kinds of ions.

16. Families on the Periodic Table • Columns are also grouped into families. • Families may be one column, or several columns put together. • Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.)

17. Hydrogen – A class all its own • The hydrogen square sits atop Family Alkali, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own. • It’s a gas at room temperature. • At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas. • Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. • Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

18. Hydrogen • Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. • Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. • Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. • Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

19. Alkali Metals • 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen. • Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). • Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

20. Alkali Metals • The alkali family is found in the 1st column of the periodic table (not including hydrogen). • They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife. • Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). • Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

21. Alkali Metals • They are the most reactive metals. • They react violently with water. • Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element.

22. Alkaline Earth Metals • Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2) • Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature. • Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca

23. Alkaline Earth Metals • They are never found uncombined in nature. • Alkaline earth metals include important mineral nutrients like magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca), among others.

24. Transition Metals • Elements in groups 3-12 • Less reactive harder metals • Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. • Metals used “as metal.”

25. Transition Metals • Transition Elements include those elements in the B families. • These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver. • They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

26. Sixteen sodiums walk into Ms. Moran’s room. Who follows them?

27. Boron Family • Elements in group 13 • Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

28. Boron Family • The Boron Family is named after the first element in the family (Group 13). • This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals. • This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum), which was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

29. Carbon Family • Elements in group 14 • Contains elements important to life and computers. • Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. • Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

30. Carbon Family • Elements in group 14 • Contains elements important to life and computers. • The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry.

31. Did you hear oxygen went on a date with potassium? -It went OK

32. Nitrogen Family • The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% (3/4) of our atmosphere. • Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. • Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things. • The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

33. Oxygen Family • Elements in group 16 • Oxygen is necessary for respiration. • Many things that stink, contain sulfur ((rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, etc.) • It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements.

34. What element’s a girl’s best friend? -Carbon

35. Halogens • Elements in group 17 • The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. • Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals • Always found combined with other elements in nature . • Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

36. The Noble Gases

37. Noble Gases • Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive in Group 18. • One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. • They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full. (full valence shell) • The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. • All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere. • VERY unreactive, monatomic gases • Used in lighted “neon” signs • Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem.

38. Rare Earth Elements • The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. • One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.

39. The Noble Gases • Elements in group 18 • VERY unreactive, monatomic gases • Used in lighted “neon” signs • Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem. • Have a full valence shell.