American Imperialism

1. Chapter 30: America on the World Stage 1899-1909 American Imperialism

2. DVD/Videos • The Century: America’s Time • Volume 1 • Seeds of Change

3. World Colonial Empires 1900

4. U.S. Relations with China Spheres of Influence Sino-Japanese War 18945-1895 Open Door Policy 1899 Boxer Rebellion 1900

5. China Manchuria • 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War • War over control of Korea • Japan easily defeated China • Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895 • China abandoned claims to Korea • Japan acquired • Taiwan • The Pescadores • Result • Japan joins in exploitation of China China

6. China Sphere of influence Particular area controlled by one nation to Exploit and have Significant Cultural Economic Military Political influence Britain Central China Hong Kong Russia Manchuria Germany Shantung province France Southern China Japan Manchuria Manchuria China

7. Spheres of Influence in China 1900

8. Imperialism in Asia China and the Pacific region had become imperialist hunting grounds by the turn of the twentieth century. The European powers and Japan controlled more areas than the United States, which nonetheless participated in the imperial race by annexing the Philippines, Wake, Guam, Hawaii, and Samoa, announcing the Open Door policy, and expanding trade. As the spheres of influence in China demonstrate, that besieged nation succumbed to outsiders despite the Open Door policy.

9. U.S. Policy in ChinaOpen Door Policy 1899 Manchuria • Hitch-hiking imperialism • American merchants seeking trade • Increased as a result of the • Acquisition of the Philippines • Open Door Policy 1899 • Secretary of State, John Hay • Equal trade in China for all nations • No partitioning of China • Protect Chinese sovereignty China

10. ChinaBoxer Rebellion 1900 • Boxers • Secret society in China • Opposed • Corrupt Manchu Dynasty • Europeans “foreign devils” in China and • Led a rebellion against the westerners • Attacked the European legations in Beijing • 300 whites killed • Allied Expeditionary Force sent to rescue Europeans • Britain • France • Russia • Japan • United States • American participation contrary to traditional policy of • Non-involvement • Further indication of changing American foreign policy Empress Dowager “Boxer”

11. Election of 1900 McKinley-Roosevelt

12. Election of 1900 • Republican Party • William McKinley • Theodore Roosevelt (VP) • War hero • Prosperity • Victory in war • Expansion • Democratic Party • William Jennings Bryan • Opposed expansion

13. President Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909 • Carry out policies of McKinley • Naval preparedness • “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” • President should lead • Take action in the interest of the people • As long as it is not forbidden by Constitution

14. Theodore RooseveltBig Stick on the World Stage Latin America

15. Need for an Isthmian Canal

16. Central America c. 1850Showing British Possessions and Proposed Canal

17. Panama Canal Construction1904-1914 • Spanish-American War 1898 • Showed need for canal • Strengthen navy by increasing mobility • Easier defense of Puerto Rico • Two possible routes • Nicaragua---- • Longer, cheaper, at sea level • Volcanoes • Panama— • Shorter, expensive, must build locks • Colombia controlled province of Panama

18. Two Possible Routes for theIsthmian Canal

19. Obstacles to Building the Canal • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 • U.S. and Great Britain • Neither would build a canal without the other • Nor fortify without the other • Open to all nations equally • Neither seriously planned building • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 • U.S. and Great Britain • U.S. has the right to build an American canal • U.S. can fortify alone • Open to all nations equally

20. Panama Canal Zone

21. Obstacles to Building the Canal • 1876 Ferdinand de Lesseps Company • Purchased rights from Colombia to build a canal • Began construction in province of Panama • Went bankrupt • French Panama Canal Company took over • Hoped to sell the rights before 1904 when the rights reverted back to Colombia • Congress willing to buy rights from French Company if Colombia agreed • U.S. offered $ 40 million to French Company and • $10 million to Colombia • Colombia rejected the offer • Panamanian Revolution 1903 • Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla • French agent for the Company • Helped organize the revolt • U.S. naval forces deployed to insure the success of the revolution • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903 • U.S. and Panama • Price of canal as stated • $250,000 a year to Panama for the use of the land • Widened the canal zone from six to ten miles

22. Panama Canal Zone

25. Panama Canal 1914 • Cost $ 400 million • George W. Goethals • Chief engineer from West Point • 30,000 men built the canal • Colonel William Gorgas • Exterminated yellow fever in Cuba • Made the canal zone safe as well • Considered the greatest engineering accomplishment in the world

26. Big Stick Diplomacy • Teddy Roosevelt believed • US should always be prepared to fight • “Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.” • Justified Roosevelt’s foreign policy and • Build up of the U.S. Navy • Era of the “Bullying Big Brother” • Cowboy diplomacy • Monroe Doctrine 1823 stretched • “Hands off the Americas” • No intervention • No colonization • Roosevelt Corollary 1904 • Preventive intervention • “We’ll intervene to prevent you from intervening” • Keep Europeans on their side of the Atlantic • Made the U.S. the “Policeman of the Caribbean” • Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine

27. The Big Stick Roosevelt’s policies seemed to be turning the Caribbean into a Yankee lake.

28. Big Stick in Latin America • Bad NeighborPolicy • Dominican Republic 1905 • U.S. took over tariff collections • 1907 formalized in a treaty • Customhouse intervention a success • Cuba 1906 • Landed U.S. Marines to stop revolutionary disorder

29. Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick in the Caribbean

30. American Intervention inLatin America 1898-1941

31. United States in the Caribbean1898-1930s

32. Bullying Big Brother in the Caribbean and Latin America • U.S. became the predominant power in Latin America through • Interventions • Territorial acquisitions • Robust economic • expansion • Backed by the • Roosevelt Corollary's "police power” • Dispatched troops to • Caribbean nations, • where they met • nationalist opposition.

33. Theodore RooseveltBig Stick on the World Stage Far East

34. Big Stick on the World Stage • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • Issues—Control over • Manchuria • Korea • Port Arthur • Japanese sneak attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur • Series of Russian defeats • Japan short on men • Reached a stalemate • Battle of Tsushima Straight • U.S. negotiator • Teddy Roosevelt • Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 Port Arthur was Russia’s Sole warm water port in the Pacific

35. Battle of Tsushima Straight 1905 Russia’ Baltic Fleet 38 warships 18,000 nautical miles Eight months to reach Besieged Port Arthur Nicknamed the “Voyage of the Damned” Japanese fleet succeeded in destroying ⅔of Russian fleet 22 ships sunk 7 ships surrendered 4,000 Russians killed 6,000 taken prisoner

37. Big Stick on the World Stage Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 Terms Russians Recognized Japan as the dominant power in Korea Turned over to Japan Port Arthur Liaodong Peninsula Southern half of Sakhalin Both powers agreed to restore Manchuria to China

40. Results of Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 • Teddy Roosevelt • Nobel Peace Prize 1906 • Neither side happy • Japanese-American • Relations strained • Competition high • Russians accuse • Roosevelt of robbing them of victory • Numerous Japanese move to USA/California

41. Gentlemen’s Agreement 1908Background • Dislocations and tax burdens in Japan caused by Russo-Japanese War • Resulted in 70,000 Japanese emigrating to California by 1906 • Anti-Japanese nativism in California • San Francisco segregated Japanese children • International crisis • Teddy Roosevelt • Invited San Francisco School Board to White House • Broke the deadlock

42. Gentlemen’s Agreement 1908 • Japan • Agreed to stop the flow of immigrants • California • Repealed the school discrimination

43. Great White Fleet World Tour 1907-08 • Sixteen battleships from Virginia • Staged to impress Japan • Highly visible voyage around the world • Latin America • Hawaii • New Zealand • Australia • Overwhelming reception in Japan • High point of the trip • Resulted in Root-Takahira Treaty 1908

44. Path of the Great White Fleet 1907-1908

45. Great White Fleet • U.S.S. Connecticut - FSU.S.S. Minnesota            U.S.S. Vermont               U.S.S. Georgia                U.S.S. Nebraska             U.S.S. New Jersey         U.S.S. Rhode Island       U.S.S. Louisiana             U.S.S. Virginia               U.S.S. Missouri               U.S.S. Ohio                    U.S.S. Wisconsin           U.S.S. Illinois                 U.S.S. Kearsarge           U.S.S. Kentucky  Flagship of the Great White Fleet U.S.S. Connecticut

46. Great White Fleet Theodore Roosevelt addressing Officers and men on board U.S.S Connecticut Hampton Roads, Virginia 1909

47. Root-Takahira Treaty 1908 • Warm diplomatic atmosphere created by the visit of the Great White Fleet • U.S. and Japan agreed to • Respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific • Uphold the Open Door in China

48. Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet

49. American-Japanese Relations1908-1924 • Tour of the Great White Fleet • Gentlemen’s Agreement 1908 • Root-Takahira Treaty 1908 • Result in • Good American-Japanese relations until 1924

50. Theodore RooseveltBig Stick on the World Stage North Africa Algeciras