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American Imperialism

American Imperialism. Pre-Chapter 21. The Big idea. U.S. foreign policy changes in the late 19 th century From isolationism to expansionism Why?. Reasons. 1. Pioneer Spirit Exploration is vital to American character 2. Social Darwinism

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American Imperialism

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  1. American Imperialism Pre-Chapter 21

  2. The Big idea • U.S. foreign policy changes in the late 19th century • From isolationism to expansionism • Why?

  3. Reasons 1. Pioneer Spirit Exploration is vital to American character 2. Social Darwinism Anglo-Teutonic culture superior to native ones 3. Markets Industrialization required new raw materials and new consumers 4. Security To check the expansionist powers of Europe

  4. Hawaii • 1700 – 1800’s = European discovery (settlers + missionaries = disease) • 1886 = U.S. Treaty – duty free sugar sales, no land to foreign powers (security) • 1887 = Bayonet Constitution – control to white settlers (no monarchy) • 1893 = Queen Liluokalani tries to restore monarch, Marines sent • 1898 = Hawaii annexed

  5. Spanish- American War • Cuba – pro-independence revolts • U.S. – sends ships to protect American citizens • U.S.S. Maine – explodes in Havana Harbor (200 U.S. dead) • Public opinion = war! • McKinley - blockades Spanish ships, demands Cuban independence • Spain – declares war (us, too!)

  6. The Splendid Little War • Over in 10 weeks • Philippines – Admiral George Dewey destroys Spanish Pacific fleet in 7 hours • Cuba – Spanish Caribbean fleet destroyed in Santiago harbor • Treaty of Paris – U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam • Cuba = U.S. Protectorate • Platt Amendment – independence = heavy price*

  7. Other Territories • Alaska – purchased from Russia in 1867 • Samoa - U.S. protection in return for Pago Pago harbor (annexed 1899) • Midway, Wake Island – U.S. claims uninhabited islands • Virgin Islands – purchased from Denmark in 1917

  8. Potential 51st states… • Puerto Rico • U.S. Virgin Islands • Guam • Long Island? • Dakota? • Pacifica? • Superior? • Delmarva? • Jefferson?

  9. Assignment Complete the map exercise. Finish it for homework.

  10. Causes of World War I Pre-Chapter 21

  11. Nationalism • Belief that national interests and unity should be placed ahead of global cooperation • Examples: • France, Germanyin Alsace-Lorraine • Pan-Slavism – unity for Slavic peoples • Poles, • Czechs/Slovaks, • Serbs

  12. Imperialism • Policy of extending global influence by acquiring colonies and dependencies • Industrialization = European powers expand for materials + markets (like America) • Examples: • Russia, Japan over Manchuria and Korea • Britain and Germany over Morocco • Britain and Germany in Africa

  13. Militarism • Building up your armed forces and using them as a tool of diplomacy • Empires are expensive to build • Nations must be more powerful than the next • Examples: • Germany builds submarines • Britain builds bigger navy • U.S. builds bigger navy

  14. Alliances • Pact between countries to create a military advantage or achieve an aim • Growing tensions between powers = formation of alliances • Examples: • Triple Entente = France, UK, Russia • Offset Germany, two front war • Triple Alliance = Germany, AH, Italy (Ottoman Empire) • Offset France/UK, multi-front war

  15. International Anarchy • No international organization with the authority to compel nations to obey its decisions • Hague Court of Arbitration – tribunal to settle international disputes • Depended on voluntary authority • Under nationalism, its decisions mean nothing

  16. And they all lead to one another! Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances International Anarchy

  17. Europe Ignites Chapter 20.1

  18. The Tinderbox • Balkan – SE Europe • Balkan – second meaning? • Sarajevo – capital of Bosnia • Assassination - Franz Ferdinand and Sophie (AH) • Assassin - GavriloPrincip – (Serb nationalist) • How did nationalism and alliances come into play and start WWI?

  19. The Conflict Spreads • AH Serbia Russia • Germany France UK • Germany – fears two front war • Schlieffen Plan: 1. ignore Belgian neutrality 2. knock out France first 3. send all forces to Russia (they take longer) Kaiser Wilhelm von Preussen Battle of the Marne • Later – Ottomans, Bulgaria, Italy join (Romania ‘16)

  20. U.S. Neutrality • Public opinion = no war! • Focus: economy = prosperity • Wilson declares neutrality (8/14) • Problem #1 = Ties to England • Problem #2 = U-boats • Problem #3 = Trade • Problem #4 = Zimmerman Note Group Work – focus on one of the topics + share the info with others

  21. Ties to England • What are the “ties that bind?” • Cultural connections that foster close ties • English language • Connected history • Laws, customs • Today = Iraq, Afghanistan • Think-Pair-Share: • Are there other countries that maintain “ties that bind” with the U.S.?

  22. U-Boats • International law • Submarine problem • British actions • German actions • Lusitania • Arabic and Sussex pledges • Subsequent German actions

  23. International Trade • War = good business for U.S. • Trade increases…with whom? • Business perspective = we side with Britain ________________________________________________________________________________ • U.S. shield = 2 oceans AND British navy • No Britain = Problems with existing trade

  24. Zimmerman Note • Arthur Zimmerman (FM) • Contents of note • Mexican response • Wilson response • American response

  25. Wilson’s Steps To War • Assignment – Trace Wilson’s actions from neutrality to war 1. Neutrality 2. Mediation 3. Preparedness 4. Armed Neutrality 5. War!

  26. Wilson’s 14 Points • January 1918 – appears before Congress • Provides vision for the world • Fourteen Points: 1. Open diplomacy 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Economic freedom 4. Disarmament 6 – 13. Self-determination 14. International organization

  27. Stationary Warfare • No movement = dig in! • Trench warfare • Problems = • 1. Military • 2. Mental • 3. Physical • 4. Chemical • Small groups – list the problems faced by soldiers in each category.

  28. Shellshock • The Sounds of Artillery • Wounded Soldiers

  29. Advantage: Germany • Western Front – stable • Eastern Front – more troops • Russia – loses Poland, Baltics • Russian People ANGRY • Feb 1917 – uprising in St. Petersburg (czar abdicates) • October 1917 – Communist Revolution • Lenin – Russia is OUT • Brest–Litovsk Treaty – peace for territory • Next target - Paris

  30. America Saves the Day! • Gen John Pershing – leads American Expeditionary Force • Sent to save Paris • 2 million – break German lines • German defenses crumble • German Revolution – soldiers revolt, Kaiser resigns • Interim government – signs armistice • November 11, 1918 (Veterans’ Day)

  31. The Numbers • Bloodiest war in history(thus far…) • England = 1 million • France = 1.7 million • Russia = 3.3 million • Germany = 2.5 million • Austria = 1.5 million • Turkey = 5 million • U.S.A. = 50,280 • Total = 20 million

  32. Mobilization Chapter 21.3

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