Unit 2 Manners

1. Unit 2 Manners

2. CONTENTS I. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE. II. IN-CLASS READING PASSAGE. III. AFTER-CLASS READING PASSAGE. IV. EXERCISES.

3. Background Information

4. Manners evolved as humans became more civilized. But they evolved differently in different cultures. Already in ancient times authors of one culture spoke of the uncouth (无教养的) manners of other cultures. In most cases this was pure ethnocentrism (民族优越感), as it still is today.

5. In earlier times there was a tendency for manners to become increasingly formal, and this was often viewed as progress. In the 18th and 19th centuries the acquisition of good manners was seen as an important component of one's education and social class, and it was necessary to be perceived as a lady or a gentleman to get ahead in the world. The novels by Jane Austen are good examples of this approach to manners.

6. In the 20th century, manners have gradually become more relaxed and informal. The hosting of dinners and other social gatherings is no longer the exclusive privilege of the affluent elite, and private clubs are being gradually replaced by more democratic meeting places. So the manners of the salon are gradually merging with the manners of the tavern and the bowling alley. Clothing is a good indication of the changes in manners, as can be seen in the following examples.

7. It is ironic that the wearing of hats indoors by males is once again becoming acceptable. Students in North America often wear baseball caps to class. In many countries the wearing of hats indoors by males was once acceptable even in very polite society, but over the years this became stigmatized as a lower-class behavior and was thus discouraged in both the middle and upper classes. The young people who wear hats indoors do not realize they are actually reviving a very old cultural tradition.

8. A comparable development for females is the wearing of slacks and jeans. Many females now wear slacks or jeans on a daily basis, either at home or at work. Some see this as a symbolic declaration that they are now modern women, not girls or ladies. Some girls, like boys, wear baseball caps both indoors and outdoors.

9. Sneakers and shorts are now acceptable for either males or females in a variety of non-athletic situations. Some companies have rules requiring informal dress such as jeans or sneakers on Fridays (called "dress-down Friday" or "casual Friday"), and others permit it almost all the time. In these companies, and many others, it is acceptable to call the boss by his or her first name.

10. In-class Reading No One Stops to Say “Thank You” Any More

11. structure

12. Introduction a story • Main body There’s a lack of good manners in today’s world. Supporting evidence: 6 • Conclusion the importance of manners

13. aware beware .

14. Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their health. • Are you aware that your car is parked on a double yellow line? • Are you aware how much the fine for this offense is? • Beware of salespeople who promise offers that seem too good to be true. • You should beware of undercooked food when staying in hot countries.

15. laden loaded

16. She was carrying a tray laden with glasses of orange juice. • Every bus that clattered by was heavily laden with passengers. • I was loaded with parcels, unable to walk any faster.

17. He always comes back from France laden with presents for everyone. • The following summer the peach tree was laden with fruit. • Jane felt loadeddown with money worries. • They had come up from London loaded down with six suitcases.

18. acknowledge vt. • 1. I ~ the truth of his statement. 2. She is ~d as/to be the best singer. 3. to ~ a favor • n. acknowledgement

19. will kill someone if . . . • 1) Tell Richard I'm going to kill him when I get hold of him. • 2) My sister would kill me if she heard me say that.

20. chase vt. （可与after连用） • Children are chasing (after) one another on the playground. • After a long chase, the police caught the thief.

21. acquisition n. • 1. the ~ of knowledge 2. He is a valuable ~ to the team. • vt. acquire

22. get • acquire • obtain • gain

23. It is not easy to acquire the ability to speak fluent English or write idiomatic English. • A week later, he finally obtained a ticket to the concert.； • To gain success, you have to work day and night.

24. squeeze vt. • 1. to ~ oneself into a crowded bus • to ~ one’s hand 2. I can’t ~ another thing into my trunk. 3. to ~ money out of /from sb. • vi. He ~d through the crowd. • n. a ~ of the hand / the ~ of sponges（挤压海绵）

25. After-Class Reading Men’s Liberation from Etiquette

26. go through • 1) to go through two stages 经历两个阶段 2) undergo sth. unpleasant These countries have gone through too many wars.

27. outlive … by …. (L. 10) 多活…岁 My mother outlived my father by 12 years.

28. be casual about She is rather casual about her clothing. 她在穿着打扮方面很不讲究。

29. prior to prep.在…之前 Prior to economic reformation, China was one of the least-developed countries in the world.

30. otherwise adv. 1) 不同地 We were going to play football, but it was so hot that we decided to do otherwise. 2)（在）其他方面 He is noisy, but otherwise a nice boy. 3)（在不同情况下）否则 I've got one more page to write; otherwise I've finished.

31. over prep.“在…期间” People have been enjoying economic prosperity over several decades. Many business deals are struck over meals. 很多商业买卖是在吃饭时完成的。

32. 1. I’ll ____ on the corner at three; don’t be late. a. pick up you b. pick on you c. pick you up d. pick you on • 2. Charles is shy and does not _____ the initiative in making acquaintances. a. make b. take c. do d. get

33. 3. If you have any questions _____ any of our services, please feel free to call me. a. considering b. regarding c. considered d. regarded • 4. The child was abandoned in the forest, where he was _____ wild beasts. a. in terms of b. in the care of c. at the mercy of d. at the cost of

34. 5. Having been to their party, we were ____ to invite them to ours. • a. baffled b. blessed c. observed d. obliged • 6. I don’t like traveling, I’m afraid. _____ I’m concerned, it would just be a waste of time. • a. So long as b. As long as • c. In so far as d. As far as

35. 7. He’s ___ a remarkably light-hearted attitude towards the situation. a. approached b. proceeded c. adopted d. generated 8. They felt ___ to the others until the team’s international success gave them some pride. a. inferior b. awkward c. internal d. minor

36. 9. He rang to say he would be late home --- something had ____ at the office. a. come on b. come up c. come in d. come to 10. Applicants for the typist’s job will be judged ___ accuracy as well as speed. a. in terms of b. by means of c. in view of d. by virtue of

37. After-Class Reading Who Pays the Check?

38. fitness n. fit adj. • Do you feel fit? • He runs to keep fit.

39. cast vt. (cast, cast) • 1) 投；掷；抛 As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen cast their nets into the sea. • He cast the fishing-line into the water. 他把钓鱼线抛入水中。

40. cast • 2) 舍弃；脱落 • Every year the snake casts (off) its skin. 蛇每年都要蜕皮。 • As soon as he became rich he cast aside all his old friends who gave him some help.

41. cast • 3) 给；记录 • Many senators cast their votes against the new tax law. • 许多参议员都投票反对新税法。

42. cast • 4)（常与as连用）分配角色；派定演员 • The director cast me as a mad priest. • He was cast for the part of a handicapped youth. / He was cast as a handicapped youth. The part was cast to him.

43. plain a. • 1) 清楚的；明白的 • He made it plain that he did not like me. 2) 简单的；朴素的 • She wore a plain brown dress. 3) 完全的；全然的；毫无疑问的 • plain cheating 彻头彻尾的欺骗

44. plain • adv. 完全地；全然地；毫无疑问地 • He is plain mad.

45. 1. A true professional can work with anyone ____ age, race, or color. a. instead of b. for the sake of c. regardless of d. in spite of 2. I don’t know how to get there either --- perhaps we’d better ______ a map. a. consult b. inquire c. research d. overlook

46. 3. With the growing popularity of large supermarkets, small corner shops are rapidly _______. a. establishing b. furnishing c. flourishing d. vanishing 4. The company is trying to ____ investors about the safety of the money they have invested. a. relieve b. reassure c. recover d. resolve

47. 5. Margaret came to stay for a week as ____ for my mother while I was away. a. date b. waitress c. hostess d. company 6. The food which I bought _____ $19.70. a. summed to b. came to c. added to d. went to

48. 7. The way he spoke in the bar afterwards _____ prejudice and bitterness that I had never suspected. a. dismissed b. reassured c. distinguished d. revealed 8. The US is hoping to ____ the cost of developing the new plane with Japan. a. spare b. split c. slice d. slip

49. 9. They rented the old house on the ____ that the landlord would paint it. a. expectation b.assumption c. calculation d. obligation 10. Kids often end up _____ parents who push them too hard at school. a. initiating b. evaluating c. maintaining d. resenting

50. After-Class Reading Why Manners?