Presentation Transcript

1. RECONSTRUCTION

   Chapter 3
2. April 1865 Lincoln is assassinated
3. John Wilkes Booth Famous Actor Most Handsome Man in the America Hated Lincoln & worked as a spy for the south
4. April 14, 1865 Booth enters box & shoots Lincoln in the head
5. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort to1. repair the damage to the South and 2. to restore southern states to the Union
6. Timing of Reconstruction Lasted from 1865-1877 That would be 12 years and involved four presidents!
7. Physical Damage Farmland, machinery, work animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed 9,000 miles of railroads 2/3 of all shipping
8. Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA
9. Ruins of a papermill and machinery – Richmond, VA
10. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA
11. Ruins of a paper mill w/ waterwheel - Richmond, VA
12. Charleston, SC April 1865
13. Charleston, SC April 1865
14. Charleston, SC April 1865
15. Atlanta, GA April 1865
16. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864
17. Physical Damage, cont. Roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure) Miscellaneous buildings and factories
18. Civil War Aftermath Devastating physical toll to the South Total human casualties- over 1 million Southern Hardships affected a. Black southerners b. Plantation owners c. Poor white southerners
19. Northern Death Toll364,000 deaths(38,000 were African Americans) Southern Death Toll260,000 deaths1/5th of all adult white males were dead1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded Death Tolls
20. Consider This . . . Who are the workers in the economy? What now happens to the women and children?
21. Southern Hardships Freed Slaves (Freedmen) New life in poor economic area Homeless Hungry Unemployed
22. Stay or Go?
23. Plantation Life Changes Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor
24. Southern Hardships, cont. Plantation Owners Loss of slave labor Land was often seized by the government
25. Southern Hardships, cont. Poor White Southerners Competing against former slaves (freedmen) for jobs Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs
26. Changes in Farming Plantations divided up land & hired people to work it Sharecropping – farmer receives a share of the crop @ harvest time as payment Tenant Farming – farmer rents land from planter/land owner
27. Effects on the South Changes in Labor Force Focus on Cash Crops Cycle of Debt Rise of Merchants
28. Reintegrating the South Problem #1Determine the role of the freedmen
29. Problem #2Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation
30. Problem #3Determine which branch of government would be responsible for overseeing reconstruction
31. Vocabulary Terms Pardon – forgiveness of a crime Amnesty – pardons for a group of people
32. Two Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan) Johnson’s Plan (Presidential Reconstruction)
33. Lincoln’s Plan 10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union & free slaves were then given a pardon
34. Lincoln’s Plan Former Confederates can run local governments 10% agreement allowed full participation in the Union
35. Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS No role for freed menidentified No guarantee of rights or future rights
36. Wade-Davis Bill Radical Republicans in Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s plan and created the Wade-Davis Bill Primary Concerns with Lincoln’s Plan HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS!FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY ON SOUTH
37. President! Andrew Johnson, (southern democrat, former slave owner) administered his own new policy
38. The Johnson Plan Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands
39. Johnson’s Plan Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment Cancelled war debts
40. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS More generous to the south! Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)
41. Consider This . . . Who are not considered in the two plans? What will the freedmen do? How did the freedmen’s lives change?
42. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction
43. The goal of denying African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers
44. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.
45. Ku Klux Klan Gradually absorbed other smaller organizations over time Name from the Greek word kuklos, meaning “circle”
46. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868) 
47. Freedom The joys of freedom… Freedom of movement, land ownership, education, etc. The realities of life… Food, Clothing and Shelter?
48. Freedmen’s Bureau Developed to help former slaves Provided food, schools, legal help, etc Unpopular with many white southerners Vetoed by Johnson
49. Anger at being forced to submit to the acts of Reconstruction leads to defiance Fear of loss of power leads to…
50. Black Code Sample Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes: The Black Codes Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area. 1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro. 2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area. 3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government. 4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law. 5) Negroes may not serve on juries. 6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law. 7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person. 8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer. 9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer. 10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.
51. BLACK CODES set limits on the rights and opportunities of African Americans helped planters find workers to replace freed slaves barred freedmen from any job but farm work and unskilled labor Set curfews Punishments for vagrancy (not working) Radical Republicans in congress see the codes as a way for white southerners to get around the efforts of congress so…
52. Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 -passed by radical republicans -state governments declared illegal -south divided into 5 military districts except Tenn.
53. Radical Reconstruction To rejoin the Union: Adopt a constitution guaranteeing allmale citizens the right to vote Elect a new government No white southern who served as conf. soldier/official could vote on new constitution Ratify the 14th Amendment
54. Radical Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 – outlawed Black Codes Johnson vetoed bill BUT… Congress overrode the veto!
55. 15th Amendment Grants African Am. Right to vote Election of 1870 – many angry white southerners refused to vote More than 600 African Americans were elected to southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to congress
56. Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans passed two laws to reduce Presidential Power The Command of the Army Act (limits presidential power over the army) 2. The Tenure of Office Act (removes presidential power to fire without Senate approval)
57. Impeachment! Congressional power growing Johnson fires Sec. of War -The House votes to “impeach” Johnson (to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial) -President escapes removal by only 1 vote
58. Impeachment Process House of Rep votes for Impeachment Trial held in the Senate w/ Senators as Jury Trial run by Chief Justice of Supreme Court
59. Southern Republicans 1.Scalawags – White southern Republicans; most were poor farmers who were against leaving the Union
60. 2. Carpetbaggers Northern Republicans who moved south. Seen as greedy men seeking power and a quick dollar. Most were honest and educated.
61. Election of 1868
62. Election of 1868 Rep – Ulysses Grant Dem – Horatio Seymour Grant wins by a narrow victory Wins by “Waving the Bloody Shirt”
63. The End of Reconstruction By 1870 all Southern States were back in the Union Reconstruction was a dying issue
64. The End of Reconstruction Why did Reconstruction end? Heavy taxes Corruption Lack of northern support for racial equality The Solid South – Southern Democrats reversed many of the reforms
65. Election of 1876
66. Election of 1876 Rep – Rutherford B. Hayes Dem – Samuel Tilden Tilden wins popular vote BUT a dispute over electoral votes
67. Election of 1876 The votes for FL, LA, & SC were in question Congress chose Hayes! Democrats Outraged!
68. The Compromise of 1877 The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops from the Southern States Hayes’ removal of troops from the south is regarded as the end of reconstruction!
69. Reconstruction Successes Rebuilt Union & Repaired South Economic Growth in South 13th, 14th, & 15th, Amendments Freedmen’s Bureau Public Schools - South
70. Reconstruction Failures African Am Lacked pol. power Racism in North & South Left Southern Bitterness South still focus on Agriculture Didn’t address women’s rights & safe working conditions (north)