Improving the basis for MPA planning

1. Improving the basis for MPA planning INCOFISH WP5

2. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Objectives Improving the basis for MPA planning with emphasis on sizing and placement of MPAs, and reconciling fishery and biodiversity objectives. • D5.1 Review of the similarities and differences of planning, stakeholder involvement and effectiveness of selected MPAs. • D5.2 Analysis of size and placement of selected MPAs using spatial ecosystem models provided by WP4. • D5.3 Conceptual model for MPA planning in offshore continental shelf waters. • D5.4 WP5 report. • D5.5 Five publications.

3. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning D 5.1 Review of MPA Effectiveness Case Study Regions: Northern Gulf of California, Campeche Bank - Gulf of Mexico, East China Sea, North Sea

4. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Northern Gulf of California Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Biosphere Reserve: Size: 9348km2 Established: 1993 MPA Type: Biosphere Reserve Protection: Ban on all commercial fishing in core, except limited traditional practices. Limited fishing allowed in buffer zone. Vaquita Conservation Refuge: Size: 1264km2 Established: 2005 MPA Type: Biodiversity Conservation Protection: Exclusion of gears with high risk of vaquita bycatch. Shallow Water Shrimp Trawl Exclusion: Size: ???km2 Established: 1993 MPA Type: Fisheries Management Protection: Prohibition of shrimp trawling.

5. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Campeche Bank Términos Lagoon Flora and Fauna Protected Area: Size: 7061km2 Established:1994 MPA Type: Biodiversity conservation Protection: Limited controls on fishing, no modification to the water flow. Shallow Water Shrimp Trawl Exclusion: Size: ???km2 Established: 1993 MPA Type: Fisheries management Protection: Prohibition of shrimp trawling. Proposed Red Grouper Management Area: Size: Established: MPA Type: Protection:

6. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning East China Sea Nanji Island National Nature Reserve: Size: 201km2 Established: 1990 MPA Type: Biodiversity conservation Protection: Zoned protection. Xiamen Rare Marine Species Nature Reserve: Size: 33km2 Established: 2000 MPA Type: Biodiversity conservation Protection: Zoned protection. Dongtan Chongming Nature Reserve: Size: 242km2 Established: 1998: MPA Type: Biodiversity conservation/fishery mgt Protection: Zoned protection

7. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning North Sea Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation: Size: 151km2 Established: 1996/2005 MPA Type: Biodiversity conservation Protection: No specific activities banned, relevant authorities obliged to protect well being of focal species and habitats Plaice Box: Size: 38 000km2 Established: 1989 MPA Type: Fisheries management Protection: Vessel, catch and gear restrictions. Sandeel Box: Size: 18 000km2 Established: 2000 MPA Type: Fisheries Management Protection: Exclusion of industrial fishery vessels.

8. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning

9. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning D 5.1 Review of MPA Effectiveness • MPAs show great similarities in objectives and application across a diverse range of marine ecosystems and political settings. • Limited and sporadic monitoring and assessment critically compromises the ability to determine MPA effects. • There is only limited evidence for biodiversity conservation benefits and for improved fishery yields from the case studies. • Non-compliance is widespread and compromises MPA success. • MPAs are established reactively rather than as true networks.

10. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning D 5.1 Review of MPA Effectiveness • There is only limited use of MPAs for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. • Static MPAs are vulnerable to spatiotemporal variation in species distribution. • Resource use rules within MPAs strongly influence success. • Political undermining of MPA designation occurs. • Socio-political considerations are as important to MPA success as biophysical considerations.

11. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning D 5.2Analysis of size and placement of selected MPAs using spatial ecosystem models Case Study Regions: Northern Gulf of California, Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico, East China Sea, North Sea, Benguela – Namibia, Gulf of Thailand

12. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning D 5.2Analysis of size and placement of selected MPAs using spatial ecosystem models • Work just about to commence following the completion of the Ecosystem models. Ready next week…….. • Simulation of existing and proposed MPAs in each ecosystem • Comparison of MPAs for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. • Single species population models. • Sedentary species • Mobile Species • Are Bad MPAs any good?

13. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • Interaction of MPAs and traditional management • Are MPAs part of ‘optimal’ management? • How large Should MPAs be?

14. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • YPR Model • Minimum basic Yield-Per-Recruit (YPR) model • Based on abalone Haliotis laevigata • Sedentary species with fully mixed larval dispersal • Protecting reproductive output • Spawning Stock Biomass-Per-Recruit (SSBPR) • Egg production-Per-Recruit (EPR) • Long term constant maximum recruitment if: • reproductive output >30% unexploited reproductive output • Increasing relative fecundity with age • Undersize Gear Induced Mortality (UGIM) • (Age dependant natural mortality) Model Assumptions

15. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • Policy Scenarios • Vary management controls to maximise YPR while protecting 30% of unexploited reproductive output • Management Controls • Proportion of area protected • Minimum landing size (mm) • (Fishing mortality (F) / Effort)

16. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

17. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning SSBPR (g) F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

18. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 M = 0.2 F = 1.0 M = 0.2 YPR (g) SSBPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm) Minimum Landing Size (mm)

19. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 SSBPR (g) YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm) Minimum Landing Size (mm)

20. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

21. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0 YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

22. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0.25F YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

23. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning F = 1.0 UGIM = 0.75F YPR (g) Proportion Protected Minimum Landing Size (mm)

24. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning MPA Coverage for ‘Optimal’ Management

25. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • The role of MPAs for protecting mobile dispersing species. • How do extent of mobility and required MPA size interact? • Does the distance of larval dispersal affect the conclusions?

26. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • Dynamic Model • Age structured population model • Beverton-Holt stock recruitment function • Term for relative fecundity • 1-d diffusion dispersal model • Varying levels of mobility ‘D’ • Larvae either fully mixed or non-dispersing • ‘Looped’ model space • ‘Gravity’ based fishing model • Max effort applied to areas with highest exploitable biomass

27. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning • Scenarios • Examined the response of yield to varying: • F, D and % MPA • Single large or several small MPAs • scenarios run with 1, 2 or 8 MPAs

28. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Diffusion Dispersal Plots t = 365 , D as specified

29. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning

30. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Yield Plots – Mixed larval pool

31. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Single Large or Several Small? D = 0.001D = 0.1 F =0.6yr-1

32. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Outputs Papers: Le Quesne, Shepherd & Hawkins (in press) A comparison of no-take zones and traditional fishery manaagement tools for managing site attached species with a mixed larval pool. Fish and Fisheries. Hui, Xu, Jun, Le Quesne, Sweeting & Polunin (final draft) An overview of spatial management and marine protected areas in the East China Sea. Conservation Biology? Le Quesne & Codling (draft) The role of no-take zones as a fishery management tool for mobile dispersing species. Zetina-Rejón MJ, Arreguín-Sánchez F & Crúz-Escalona VH (draft) An integral trophic model of two interdependent ecosystems at the southern Gulf of Mexico. Lercari, D., Arreguín-Sánchez, F. (draft) Deriving viable harvesting strategies from Mass balance trophic models to contribute to multispecies management in the northern Gulf of California. Le Quesne (draft) Are bad marine protected areas any good, or just a new way of making old mistakes? Reports: Review of similarities and differences of planning, operation, stakeholder involvement and effectiveness of selected MPAs. Deliverable 5.1.

33. WP5 – Improving the basis for MPA planning Outputs Conference Presentations: International Conference on Coastal Ecosystems: Towards an integrated knowledge for an ecosystem approach, Campeche, México, 2006. Zetina-Rejón MJ, Arreguín-Sánchez F, & Crúz-Escalona VH. Towards an integration of the Campeche bank ecosystem dynamics for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Le Quesne WJF, Shepherd JG, & Hawkins SJ. The implications to management of the relationship between the spatial extent of MPAs, and management regime outside of MPAs. 41st European Marine Biology Symposium, Cork, Ireland, 2006 Lercari D & Arreguín-Sánchez F. Temporal and spatial ecosystem scenarios towards conservation and exploitation conciliation in the northern Gulf of California. Le Quesne WJF. Using MPAs to control the age groups targeted by a fishery; can yield be increased? Zetina-Rejón MJ, Arreguín-Sánchez F, & Crúz-Escalona VH. Towards an MPA strategy on the Campeche Bank for ecosystem-based fisheries management. European Symposium on Marine Protected Areas as a Tool for Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation, Murcia, Spain, 2007 At least 6 presentations have been, or will be, submitted by members of WP5.