Russian Revolution 1905-1917

1. Russian Revolution 1905-1917

2. Economic Weaknesses • Backwards • top 1% controls majority of Land & wealth • bottom 85% = peasants • Landless & extremely poor Typical Noble Estate Russian Peasants

3. Economic Weaknesses • Govt. Modernization Program: • Raised taxes • Borrowed money • Hired foreigners to run factories • Workers paid low wages • extremely poor conditions Women Textile Workers

4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Influence Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few regions.]

5. Political Weaknesses • Autocratic ruler • Ignorant to Russia’s problems • No personal freedoms • Govt. opposition not allowed • Political divisions Tsar Nicholas II

6. Social Weaknesses • Citizens = internally divided: • Only ½ population = Russian • Desires: • Minorities—independence • Workers—better conditions • Peasants—land reform

7. Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905 • Peaceful demonstration of workers • Demands: • end to war • formation of a constituent assembly • Troops open fire on workers Father Gapon

8. Bloody Sunday • Result: • widespread riots & strikes (spring-summer) • Radicals organize workers into ‘Soviets’ • October—nation paralyzed by 10 day strike • Tsar agrees to make changes Demonstration at the winter palace in St. Petersburg

9. Bloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905 The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

10. October Manifesto • Russia’s first constitution • Establishes the ‘Duma’ -First Parlament • Grants some civil liberties • Results: • Divides opposition • October Manifesto in practice: • Had little power • Tsar could veto decisions & dismiss members at will Duma

11. World War I • Tsar enters war with hope of unifying nation • Army suffers defeat after defeat • Morale decreases • Desertions increase

12. World War I • 1916 Nicholas II takes over Army • Weaknesses of govt. further exposed • War increases suffering & discontent • Revolution is near

13. Rasputin • Nicholas II leaves country to command army • Tsarina in charge of gov’t • Heavily influence by Rasputin, ‘the Holy Man’ • given power to make governmental decisions • Dislike by nobility—murdered • Scandals surrounding Rasputin served to discredit the monarchy

14. The Collapse of the Imperial Government • Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916 • Refusal to receive assistance of the Russian Middle Class • Complete mismanagement of the wartime economy

15. March Revolution 1917 • Strikes & bread riots break out in Petrograd. • Soldiers, sent to restore order • Ordered to shoot rioters, instead, shoot the officers and join rioters

16. March Revolution 1917 • Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II • Orders the dismissal of the Duma • Instead the Duma forms a Provisional government. • Next day - March 15, 1917 abdicates

17. Petrograd Soviet 1917 • Competes for power • Extremely well organized & supported • Increases power w/failures of provisional govt. • Lenin returns from exile

18. April – October 1917 • April 23 • Lenin calls for power to the soviets • Rallies behind the slogan: “Peace, Land, Bread” Lenin’s Speech

19. April – October 1917 • July 3-5, increased support from sailors, workers, & peasants. • Lenin—October 24 • Call to power speech • Demands action now

20. October Revolution 1917 • Bolsheviks launch successful coup • Establish the ‘Cheka’ • Political opposition banned • Confiscate church property • Treaty of Brest-litovsk March 1918 • Assassination of Tsar & his family July 16, 1918

21. Civil War War Communism (1917-1921) • Lenin: “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” • Bolsheviks focus on maintaining power • Red Army (Bolsheviks) led by Trotsky vs. the Whites (socialists, nationalist, liberals)

22. War Communism (1917-1921) • Nationalize industry, banks, & forbid strikes • All men under 50 drafted • Result: • famine, worker revolts, political divisions • Leaves Russia w/out industry, transportation, & trade.

23. NEP New Economic Policy 1921 • Goal: increase food production • Introduce incentives: • Small factories, businesses, & farms allowed to return to private ownership • Large factories, banks, railways, & communication kept under state control • Result: huge success • Soviet Union (USSR) established 1922

24. Section 2 – Totalitarianism

25. Totalitarianism • Totalitarianism • Stalin builds a totalitarian state. • Stalin’s dream • Great Depression • Other totalitarian governments emerged. • Germany – Hitler • Italy – Mussolini • China - Mao Zedong • North Korea - Kim Il Sung • Result of Totalitarianism When I'm gone, the capitalists will drown you like blind kittens

26. Similar characteristics of all totalitarian States • Dictatorship and One-Party Rule • Dynamic Leader • Ideology • State Control Over All Sectors of Society • State Control Over the Individual • Dependence on Modern Technology • Organized Violence

27. An Industrial Revolution • 1st and 2nd Five-Year Plan • set impossibly high quotas • Government controlled the worker's life. • made impressive gains. • agricultural nation → industrial nation

28. An Agricultural Revolution • 1st and 2nd Five-Year Plan • Collective farms • Resistances of peasants • Kulaks • development

29. Police Terror • Used terror and violence to stop the opposition • No privacy • GREAT PURGE: campaign of terror. • Eliminate whoever got in Stalin’s way • 1939; ended the great purge • Historians said that Stalin is responsible for all deaths

30. Indoctrination and Propaganda • Indoctrination: Instruction in the government’s beliefs. • Propaganda: biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions. • ART was used for Propaganda • Socialist realism: Artistic style that praised Soviet life and communist values.

31. Censorship • Stalin wouldn’t tolerate individual creativity that threatened the conformity and obedience required of citizens in a totalitarian state. • Controlled ALLmedias • No privacy • Even children were supposed to tell the government about what they heard from their family.

32. Religious Persecution • Ideals of communism • The Russian Orthodox church was the main target of persecution. • Other religions also suffered. • Destroyed religion

33. Soviet Women • Equal rights • Under 5year plans, they were forced to join the labor force. • Educational opportunities. • Medicine was popular. • 1950: There were 75% of women Soviet doctors • Job, child, and housework. • Motherhood was a patriotic duty.

34. Education • Controlled all education. • College professors and students who went against the communist party lost their jobs or faced imprisonment. • Needed many skilled workers.