Sigmund Freud

1. Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic Perspective

2. Sigmund Freud Founder of Psychoanalysis ? method of treating people with severe emotional problems ? believed human behavior is determined by childhood experiences ? believed dreams have hidden messages- a way for us to gratify forbidden or unrealistic desires which are often sexual in nature ? believed all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges

3. Freud�s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development Fixation- partial or complete halt at some point in a person�s development - can occur when difficulties arise in a particular stage Oral Stage (first year of life) --infants erotic feelings focus on the mouth (nursing) Fixation at this stage could result in: smoking, overeating, excessive talking, nail biting, dependent relationships Anal Stage (1-3 years) --erotic feelings center on the anus and elimination (learning to control bodily functions/ toilet train) Fixation at this stage could result in: perfectionism, strong need for order/ cleanliness or complete opposite (slobs, messy)

4. Freud�s 5 Stages of Development Continued Phallic Stage / Oedipus Complex (3-6 years) --erotic feelings center on the genitals (begin discovering differences in boys & girls) --strong attachment to opposite sex parent and unconscious jealousy/ rivalry toward parent of the same sex (Oedipus Complex) --identification with same sex parent- a girl internalize the behaviors, values, and morals of her mother while a boy of his father Fixation at this stage could result in: depression, guilt, anxiety Latency Period (6 years � puberty) --sexual thoughts are repressed (latency means hidden) -child appears to have no interest in opposite sex (�Cooties�) Genital Stage (puberty � adulthood) --individual seeks relationship with others --longest stage, but Freud gave it the least attention --last stage for Freud- personality development is basically complete as we enter adolescence

5. Freud�s 3 Central Elements of the Mind Conscious -thoughts of which you are aware Preconscious -thoughts of which you are not immediately aware or thinking of, but you could recall it with relatively little effort (i.e. 64 / 8) -�just below the surface of awareness� Unconscious -unaware of material here, but strongly influences our behavior -experiences (especially painful ones) are not forgotten but stored here

6. Freud�s 3 Components of Personality *Developed of how the mind works & how instinctual energies are organized & regulated *Not actual parts of the brain, but labels for the motivations of the mind Id- unconscious Ego- conscious Superego- unconscious

7. Freud�s 3 Components of Personality Id (present at birth-- a newborn is all �id�) - operates on the pleasure principle- demands immediate gratification of desires regardless of the consequence - example: Cookie Monster (�Me want cookie now!�) Ego (gradually forms during the ages of 2 & 3) - operates on the reality principle � rational & thoughtful, in touch w/reality - �referee� between demands of the id and the superego - motto: �We can�t always get what we want� - example: The id knows its hungry & wants to eat now. The ego knows that if you want a hamburger, you need to cook it first and not eat it raw. Superego (develops in early childhood) - operates on the moral principle- what we �should� do, high ideals, moral part of the personality - can create conflicts & problems ? sometimes overly harsh (like a very strict parent) and leads to feelings of guilt if you go against what it defines as right - id & superego frequently come into conflict with one another - example: The id wants to go to a party even though a research paper is due tomorrow that you have yet to begin. The superego puts guilt into your mind about going.

8. The ego�s job is to satisfy the demands of the id without offending the superego. --If the id is not satisfied�the person feels the tension of longing, anger, or desire. --If the superego is not obeyed�the person may feel guilty or inferior --If outside reality (the ego) is ignored�the person will suffer from negative outcomes such as malnutrition or dislike by others. The ego�s job is so difficult that all people unconsciously resort to defense mechanisms.

9. Why do people create defense mechanisms? To defend or protect the ego from experiencing anxiety about failing in its tasks Distorting reality or believing that nothing is wrong in an effort to resolve the demands of the id & ego This is done rather than face the frustration, conflicts or feelings of unworthiness

10. Positives and Negatives of Defense Mechanisms To some degree, necessary to psychological well- being (relieve confusion & stress) Provide time to work out problems people may not be able to resolve without the use of defense mechanisms If used all the time, the person will avoid facing and solving problems realistically