THEMES IN CHAPTER 12

1. THEMES IN CHAPTER 12 Constitutional Concerns Civil Rights Expanding Democracy Cultural Diversity CHAPTER Reconstruction and Its Effects 12 HOME “Nothing in all history [equaled] this wonderful, quiet, sudden transformation of four millions of human beings from . . . the auction-block to the ballot-box.” William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist

2. What do you know? • What does the word reconstruction mean to you? Read the quote above and answer the following: • Who were the four million that Garrison was talking about? • What does his opposition of auction-block and ballot-box refer to? CHAPTER Reconstruction and Its Effects 12 HOME “Nothing in all history [equaled] this wonderful, quiet, sudden transformation of four millions of human beings from . . . the auction-block to the ballot-box.” William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist

3. 1865Thirteenth Amendment is ratified. 1867U.S. buys Alaska from Russia. Former Confederate states are divided into military districts. 1868President Johnson is impeached. Fourteenth Amendment is ratified. 1870Fifteenth Amendment is ratified. 1871U.S. and Great Britain sign Treaty of Washington. 1875 Specie Resumption Act is passed. 1873 Financial panic results in economic depression. 1877Federal troops withdraw from the South, ending Reconstruction. CHAPTER Time Line 12 HOME The United States

4. Learn About presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies from 1865 to 1870. To Understand how political leaders set out to rebuild the nation after the Civil War. SECTION 1 The Politics of Reconstruction HOME

5. Section 1: Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction • Reconstruction: period during which the US began to rebuild after the Civil War • Also refers to the process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states • Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress all had different plans on Reconstruction

6. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan • Ten Percent Plan • Government would pardon all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the Union (did not pardon high-ranking Confederate officials and those accused of crimes against POW’s • 10% needed to become a state (state would get a voice in Congress)

7. Radical Republicans • Radical Republicans: minority of Republicans in Congress that were angered by Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan • Led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens • 1. Destroy political power of former slaveholders 2. African Americans full citizenship 3. African Americans the right to vote • Wade-Davis Bill: passed by the Radicals • Proposed that Congress, not the President, be responsible for Reconstruction • Declared that a majority instead of 10% was needed

8. Johnson’s Plan • 1. Each state withdraw its secession • 2. Swear allegiance to the Union • 3. Pay Confederate war debt • 4. Ratify the 13th Amendment • Radicals very upset b/c it did not address the needs of former slaves in three areas: land, voting rights, and protection under the law • Freedmen’s Bureau Act: assisted former slaves and poor whites in the South by distributing clothing and food

9. Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Civil Rights Act of 1866: gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws-black codes-that severely restricted African American lives • Mississippi and South Carolina were the first two states to enact black codes in 1865 • Johnson vetoed both the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act. • Alienates moderate Republicans who were trying to improve his Reconstruction plan • Angers the Radicals b/c it appears that he is denying African Americans their full rights • Johnson and Congress cannot agree

10. The Civil Rights Act (1866) was passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. The activities of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African Americans

11. Congressional Reconstruction • Moderates and Radicals Join Forces • Override Johnsons vetoes of the Civil Rights Act and Freedmen’s Bureau Act • Congress drafted 14th Amendment: made all persons born or naturalized in the US citizens of the country. All were entitled to equal protection of the law and no state could deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process • Did not specifically give African Americans the right to vote

12. Johnson Impeached • Impeach: Formally charge federal official with misconduct in office • The House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach federal officials…they are then tried in the Senate • Tenure of Office Act: president could not remove cabinet officers “during the term of the president by whom they may have been appointed” without the consent of the Senate. • Senate needs 2/3 vote…failed by one vote

13. Ulysses S. Grant Elected • Elected in 1868 with the help of the African American vote • Fifteenth Amendment: no one can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” • Enforcement Act of 1870: passed by Congress giving the federal government more power to punish those who tried to prevent African American from exercising their rights

14. Lincoln’sTen-PercentPlan FifteenthAmendment Wade-DavisBill Attempts tocontinue and enlargethe Freedman’s Bureau Impeachment of Johnson Reconstruction Act of 1867 Civil Rights Actof 1866 FourteenthAmendment SECTION 1 The Politics of Reconstruction HOME 1 Section Assessment SYNTHESIZING What are some events, plans, or legislation that attempted to enact Reconstruction? Reconstructionattempts

15. MAKING DECISIONS Were the Radical Republicans justified in impeaching President Johnson? THINK ABOUT • the controversy over Reconstruction policies • the meaning of the Tenure of Office Act • Johnson’s vetoes SECTION 1 The Politics of Reconstruction HOME 1 Section Assessment

16. Learn About the political, social, and economic changes that took place in the South following the Civil War. To Understand the roles that various groups played in the rebuilding of Southern society. SECTION 2 Reconstructing Society HOME

17. Section 2: Reconstructing Society • Conditions in the Postwar South • Physical damage had to be repaired • Education suffered b/c of the war • Economy was very low • Population…1/5 of white men had died & many others wounded to the point that they could not contribute to society • Public Work Programs • Government programs built roads, bridges, railroads, and schools

18. Politics in the Postwar South • Scalawag: white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War • Some hoped to gain political offices with the help of the African American vote • Majority were small farmers who wanted to improve their economic and political position • Carpetbaggers: a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War • Some were Freedmen’s Bureau agents, teachers, and ministers • Others wanted to buy land • Others were dishonest business people

19. Former Slaves Face Many Challenges • Many former slaves faced the challenge of being free • Unified with family members…traveled • Education • Hiram Revels: the first African American senator • Blacks started to hold political offices • Segregation: African Americans focused on building up the black community than on total integration

20. Changes in the Southern Economy • 40 Acres and a Mule: Sherman had promised freed slaves who fought for him 40 acres of land and the use of army mules • President Johnson ordered the original landowners to reclaim their land and evict the former slaves • Sharecropping: a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raise • Tenant Farming: a system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent from land for cash • Chart on Page 391

21. Cotton No Longer King • Southern Economy Struggles • Confederate debts, declining demand and falling prices for cotton, and the ongoing impact of Civil War devastation • The price of cotton went down…Southerners tried to make up for this by planting more cotton…this lead to an oversupply • This caused a ripple effect throughout Southern economy

22. PROBLEM ATTEMPTED SOLUTION Physical devastation Public works programs Former slaves separated from their families Search for family members Lack of education New schools established Lack of land Southern Homestead Act Labor shortage Sharecropping or tenant farming SECTION 2 Reconstructing Society HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the problems facing the South after the Civil War and the attempted solutions?

23. GENERALIZING How did the Civil War weaken the Southern economy? THINK ABOUT • the devastation of the war • economic conditions • changes in agriculture SECTION 2 Reconstructing Society HOME 2 Section Assessment

24. Learn About the political, economic, and social problems that plagued the nation from 1873 to 1877. To Understand why Reconstruction ultimately collapsed. SECTION 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction HOME

25. SECTION 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction HOME Key Idea Continued opposition to Radical Reconstruction in the South and economic problems in the North bring the Reconstruction process to an end.

26. Opposition to Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan: founded as a social club for Confederate veterans • Turned into a violent terrorist organization • Wanted to restore white supremacy • Prevent African Americans from exercising political rights • Tried to destroy Republican Party • Amnesty Act: Passed in 1872 returned the right to vote and hold office to 150,000 former Confederates

27. Scandal in Grant’s Administration • Grants Downfall • Appointed friends • Credit Mobilier: a construction company working for the Union Pacific Railroad had skimmed off large profits from the railroad's government contract • Grant still able to win 1872 Presidential Election • Whiskey Ring: Republicans accepted bribes from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product-costs the government millions in taxes

29. Economic Turmoil • The Panic of 1873: Jay Cooke bought shares in a Southern railroad-could not pay his construction costs-Cooke’s banking firm which was the largest in the country went bankrupt setting off a series of financial failures • Small banks closed, stock market collapsed, 89 railroads went bankrupt, 18,000 companies folded • This triggered a 5 year depression • Specie Resumption Act: put the country back on the gold standard • Money is backed by gold from the federal government

30. Judicial and Popular Support Fades • Civil Rights Setbacks in the Supreme Court • Chart on Page 398 • Northern Support Fades • Political scandal, the panic of 1873 followed by a depression, and Republicans’ faltering commitment to Reconstruction drew the North’s attention away from the problems of Reconstruction

31. Democrats “Redeem” the South • Redemption: Democrats called this their return to power in the South • Election of 1876: Republican Hayes defeats Democrat Tilden • Hayes lost popular vote (1st time in US history) but won electoral college by 1 vote • Controversy 20 electoral college votes-House of Representatives has to approve the electoral college votes-House was controlled by Democrats

33. Democrats in the South Continued • Compromise of 1877 • Republicans: Hayes elected • Democrats:1.withdraw of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina 2.federal money to build a railroad from Texas to West coast 3. Hayes to appoint a Southern conservative to cabinet • Home Rule in the South • Home Rule: the ability to run state governments without federal intervention

34. 1872Crédit Mobilier. 1876Hayes elected president. 1872 Amnesty Act passed. 1866Ku Klux Klan founded. 1873Supreme Court issued Slaughterhouse rulings. 1870–1871Enforcement Acts passed. 18731873 Panic. SECTION 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction HOME 3 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the major events that led to the collapse of Reconstruction?

35. ANALYZING Would the Republican Party have remained strong in the South if Congress had not passed the Amnesty Act? THINK ABOUT • the Republican commitment to Reconstruction • the goals of the Ku Klux Klan • the political and economic crises facing the nation SECTION 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction HOME 3 Section Assessment

36. EVALUATING Was the political deal to settle the election of 1876 an appropriate solution? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the causes of the conflict over the election • other possible solutions to the controversy • the impact of the settlement SECTION 3 The Collapse of Reconstruction HOME 3 Section Assessment

37. 12 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. How did Andrew Johnson’s plan to reconstruct the Confederate states differ from Lincoln’s? 2. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 become law? 3. Why did the Radicals want to impeach Andrew Johnson? 4. What factor played a significant role in the 1868 presidential election? 5. What three groups made up the Republican party in the South during Reconstruction?

38. 12 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. In what ways did emancipated slaves exercise their freedom? 7. How did white landowners in the South reassert their economic power in the decade following the Civil War? 8. How did Southern whites regain political power during Reconstruction? 9. What economic and political developments weakened the Republican party during Grant’s second term? 10. What significance did the victory by Rutherford B. Hayes in the 1876 presidential race have for Reconstruction?