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Origins of the Cold War: Former Allies Clash

This chapter explores the origins of the Cold War, focusing on the clash between Soviet communism and capitalist America. It covers the creation of the United Nations, the tension between Truman and Stalin, the policy of containment, and the division of Europe into political regions. It also discusses the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, and the formation of the NATO Alliance.

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Origins of the Cold War: Former Allies Clash

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  1. CHAPTER 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS

  2. SECTION 1: ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

  3. Former Allies Clash • Soviet communism – state controls all property and economic activity -> Communist Party is the only political party • Vs. • Capitalist America- private citizens control most economic activity -> people elect a pres. and Congress from various political parties • Stalin had been an ally of Hitler • U.S. kept atomic bomb secret

  4. The United Nations • Representatives from 50 nations meet in San Francisco to create world peace organization -> United Nations (UN) is created on June 26, 1945

  5. The Potsdam Conference • Final wartime conference July 1945 • Stalin agrees to allow free elections in E. Europe – vote by secret ballot in multi-party system -> but then breaks his promise

  6. Tension Builds • Truman wants to spread democracy • Truman does not want Russia to take war reparations from Germany • U.S. wants to rebuild Eastern Europe in order to help the American economy • Stalin is worried about future invasions from the west -> communist governments are installed in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (satellite countries) • Stalin says war is inevitable

  7. Containment • U.S. view Soviets as a real threat • George K. Kennan, American diplomat in Moscow, issues a policy of containment -> prevent the extension of communist rule to other countries • Europe becomes divided into political regions -> democratic Western Europe vs. communist Eastern Europe -> “Iron Curtain”

  8. Cold War in Europe • A conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union -> no direct fights on the battlefield • 1945-1991

  9. The Truman Doctrine • Financial support is given to countries to prevent the spread of communism • $400 million is given to Turkey and Greece

  10. The Marshall Plan • Western Europe had been destroyed • Millions were in refugee camps • Severe winter 1946-1947 • U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall, proposes giving aid • 16 countries receive $13 billion from 1947-1952 and their economies recover

  11. What to do with Germany? • Germany had been divided into four zones (U.S., G. Britain, France, Soviet Union) • Berlin (East Germany) is divided into two parts (West + East) • Stalin decides to take all of Berlin and closes all roads into Western Berlin • 2.1 million people only had enough food for 5 weeks

  12. The Berlin Airlift • U.S. and G. Britain fly food and supplies into West Berlin • Planes landed for 327 days • Prestige of the U.S. grow • Soviet Union ends the blockade • West Germany and East Germany are created • Berlin is controlled by West and East

  13. The NATO Alliance • Defensive military alliance is created after the Berlin blockade • Belgium, Denmark, France, G. Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, Portugal, U.S., Canada • 500,000 troops provide the military support for the alliance

  14. Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up

  15. China Becomes a Communist Country • Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek -> corrupt • Communists led by Mao Zedong helped the peasants -> gain control in the north • Which leader is supported by the U.S.?

  16. Civil War in China • Nationalists vs. Communists • U.S. sends $2 billion worth of military equipment • Nationalists lose -> flee to Taiwan • Communists take over China • Republicans and Democrats criticized Pres. Truman for not doing enough

  17. The Korean War • WWII ends -> Japanese surrender to Soviets in the north and to Americans in the South • 1948 - Republic of Korea (South) vs. Communist led Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North)

  18. North Korea Attacks South Korea • June 1950 • United Nations votes to send troops to help South Korea • 520,000 troops are sent (90% American)

  19. The United States Fights in Korea • MacArthur leads UN army in many successful battles against the North Koreans • Communist China sends 300,000 troops to help North Korea • Chinese outnumber UN forces 10 to 1 • Stalemate for two years • Truman rejects MacArthur’s request to use nuclear weapons on China and fires him shortly after

  20. Stalemate • July 1953 the war ends • Korea remains divided • 54,000 Americans die • $67 billion • Fear of communism increases in America

  21. Section 3 – The Cold War at Home

  22. Journal • Have you ever been put in a situation in which your guilt, rather than your innocence, is presumed and you have to try to prove you are innocent? Is it difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been told?

  23. Fear of Communism • Communist Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe • Communists take over China • 100,000 Americans in the Communist Party

  24. Loyalty Review Board • Truman is pressured to set up the Loyalty Review Board • To investigate govt. employees and fire the disloyal ones • 212 of 3.2 million investigated were fired • They were not allowed to see evidence

  25. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Investigates communist influence in the movie industry • Hollywood Ten – ten witness from the movie industry went to jail after refusing to testify • Hollywood executives created a blacklist – 500 actors with a communist background lost their jobs • 1950 – Congress passes the McCarran Internal Security Act -> any action that could lead to a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S. was illegal

  26. Soviet Spies • Alger Hiss – State Department (foreign policy) official • 1949 - Soviets explode atomic bomb 3-5 years ahead of schedule • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – Jewish and members of Communist Party – were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

  27. 1. What organization does the car represent? • 2. What does the cartoon imply about the methods of this organization?

  28. McCarthy Starts His “Witch Hunt” • Joseph McCarthy – ineffective senator from Wisconsin who says Communists are taking over the U.S. govt. • Tells Senate he knows of thousands of Communists in the State Dept. • McCarthyism – accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence • Not reelected after he makes false accusations against the Army

  29. Anti-Communist Measures • States make it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the govt. • Many professions required loyalty oaths

  30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_DaMKUP3Og • 7;37

  31. Section 3 Questions • 1. How did the Loyalty Review Board pose a threat to civil liberties? • 2. Why was Hollywood a target for anti-Communist investigations by Congress? • 3. Why did the cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs increase the anti-communist mood of Americans? • 4. After watching the cartoon, how would you compare capitalism to communism?

  32. Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge

  33. Brinkmanship • Soviets develop atomic bomb 1949 • Pres. Truman authorizes development of hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) • U.S. has H-bomb in 1952 and Soviets follow less than a year later • Pres. Eisenhower is influenced by Sec. of State John Foster Dulles (anti-communist) • U.S. should go to the edge of an all out war -> contain the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force

  34. Brinkmanship • Decrease size of army and navy and expand air force • Produce more nuclear bombs

  35. The Cold War Spreads Around the World • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – 1947 • Uses spies to gather information about other countries • Conducts covert operations to overthrow governments “unfriendly to the U.S.”

  36. Covert Operations in the Middle East and Latin America • 1953 – CIA overthrows Iranian government after fearing that the Iranians would ally themselves with the Soviets • 1954 – CIA helps train an army to overthrown the Pres. of Guatemala for being a Communist sympathizer

  37. The Warsaw Pact • Soviet Union fears W. Germany after joining NATO and rearming

  38. A Summit in Geneva • Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal is rejected by the Soviet Union

  39. The Suez War 1955 • U.S. agrees to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile but withdraws their loan after learning the Soviets also have a deal • Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal • G. Britain, France, Israel send troops • Soviet Union supports Egypt • Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957 – U.S. would defend the M. East against an attack by any communist country

  40. The Hungarian Uprising • Hungarians revolt and demand a democratic government • S. Union crushes it • U.S. does not follow the Truman Doctrine in the satellites of the Soviet Union

  41. The Cold War in the Skies • Nikita Khrushchev leads Soviet Union when Stalin dies in 1953 • Believes communism will take over the world but peacefully

  42. Space Race • Soviets launch Sputnik (1957) – the world’s first artificial satellite • Americans launch its first satellite in 1958

  43. U-2 Incident • CIA makes secret high-altitude flights over Soviet Union to take photos of missile sites • Francis Gary Powers, U-2, pilot is brought down by a Soviet plane • Eisenhower stops secret flights but no apology • Khrushchev calls off meeting with Eisenhower

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