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The First World War: Causes, Alliances, and American Involvement

Gain an understanding of the causes and alliances that led to the First World War, learn why the US entered the war in 1917, and explore the impact of the war on American life.

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The First World War: Causes, Alliances, and American Involvement

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  1. ERA 7: The Emergence of Modern America: “The Great War” Chapter 19:The First World War 1914-1918

  2. I Will Gain An Understanding of: • 1. The Great War ”WWI” (1914-1918) • 2. Why U.S. Entered the war (1917) • 3. American life during the war • 7.2: The changing role of the United States in world affairs through World War I

  3. CHAPTER 19: The First World War Section 1: WWI BEGINS

  4. “4 M.A.I.N.” Long Term Causes • 1. Militarism • 2. Alliances • 3. Imperialism • 4. Nationalism

  5. 1. Militarism • Glorification of war • Nations wanted “bigger armies” • And more destructive weapons

  6. 2. Alliances • 1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements between nations • 2. “Entente Cordiale” = Friendly understanding between 2 nations

  7. 3. Imperialism • Nations competed for: • 1. new territories • 2. Raw materials • 3. new economic markets

  8. 4. Nationalism • Extreme Patriotism • Who has the biggest army (militarism)? • The most foreign territory (imperialism)?

  9. Background Info… • Austria- Hungary • And Serbia • Argue over territory

  10. Immediate Cause of WWI • The assassination of • Heir to Austria-Hungarian Throne • Franz Ferdinand

  11. Ferdinand… • Was murdered in 1914 • In Sarajevo (Bosnian Capital) • Austria-Hungarians Held Serbians responsible

  12. M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRcg_t2oJkc • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmHxq28440c

  13. Austria-Hungary • Declared war on Serbia, 1914 • Began as a “local” Conflict • Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia

  14. How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World War? • ***

  15. Alliances… • 1. Russia • Had to support • Serbia • Why?

  16. Alliances… • Czar Nicholas II of Russia • Declared war against: • Austria-Hungary+ • Germany , 1914

  17. Why Germany? • Germany had an alliance with Austria- Hungary • In turn, Germany • Declared war on Russia + France, 1914 • Why France?

  18. Germany, 1914 • Invaded Belgium • (who was neutral) • Belgium asked • Great Britain for help

  19. Great Britain • Declared war on Germany…

  20. From Local Conflict to WWI • WHAT BEGAN AS LOCAL CONFLICT • Turned into WORLD WAR I • “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire European continent into the war • “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign territories into war

  21. Sides & Alliances • The Triple Entente • 1. Serbia • 2. Russia • 3. Great Britain • 4. France • 5. U.S. (1917) • And all foreign colonies The Central Powers • 1. Austria-Hungary • 2. Germany • 3 .Ottoman Empire • And all foreign colonies

  22. “War of Attrition” • Wearing down by constant attacks • New weapons change the way wars are fought • Introduction of “Trench Warfare”

  23. Trench Warfare • “Western Front” • Battle line stretching 500 miles • From Switzerland to North Sea

  24. “No Man’s Land” • point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench • Mines, barbed Wire , soldiers protect area in front of trench • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P92guhd7d-8

  25. New Weapons Introduced • 1. Machine guns • 2. heavy artillery • 3. Poison Gas • 4. Tanks • 5. U-Boats (submarines)

  26. “Flaming Coffins”/ Planes • Noisy, “crude vehicles” • Pilot sat directly above fuel tank • Morse Code Transmitter • No brakes…

  27. How do you Land a WWI Plane? • You turn off the engine… • And hope for the best!

  28. Video: Ace of Aces: Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World WAR

  29. German U-BOATS • Early Submarine • U-Boats fired at passenger and freight vessels beginning in 1915

  30. Currently at the Getty Museum • http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/ww1/index.html

  31. Why did the U.S. Enter WWI? • From Neutrality to Allied Power • Reasons why U.S. entered WWI

  32. U.S. Was Neutral • Between 1914-1917 • What caused U.S. to become involved in WWI?

  33. 1. Sinking of the Lusitania • 1. German U-Boat fired & sank the Lusitania, 1915 • British passenger liner • 1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans

  34. 1.The Sinking of the Lusitania • Caused outrage in American Public • Germany claimed Ship was carrying American weapons and supplies to Great Britain

  35. 2. “Zimmerman “ Telegram • British intercepted a telegram • Sent to German Ambassador in Mexico • If Mexico forms an alliance with Germany, Germany will help it regain the Southwest territories

  36. 3. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off the coast of Great Britain • Defiance of right to free trade • Disruption of trade

  37. 4. American Security • Was the U.S. safe? • Issues of security worry the nation

  38. U.S. Entered WWI • April 2, 1917 • American Congress & President Woodrow Wilson Declared war on Germany and allies

  39. SECTION 2: AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE BALANCESECTION 3: THE WAR AT HOME

  40. U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion • 1. National Defense Act , 1916 – expanded the federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 • 2. Naval Construction Act , 1916 – authorized $500-$600 million for 3 year expansion program

  41. U.S. In Preparation For War:Military Expansion • 3. Selective Service Act, 1917 - • “conscription” • All men 21- 30 (later 18-45) • Must register for draft

  42. U.S. In Preparation for the War • 4. Commission on Training Camp Activities • Presented films, lectures, to new recruits

  43. Mobilizing a Nation • 1. Lever Fuel and Fuel Control Act, 1917 • Herbert Hoover’s “Food Administration” • Purpose: To reduce civilian use of foodstuffs

  44. Mobilizing a Nation • Voluntary compliance instead of food rationing • Limited consumption of meat, sugar, energy • Housewives monitored consumption: • “meatless Mondays”, “Wheat-less Wednesdays

  45. Mobilizing A Nation • 12,000 Native Americans Served– American Expeditionary Force • 260,000 African Americans served (excluded from Marines)

  46. The War Industries Board, 1917 Most important mobilization agency • (WIB) could: • 1. Allocate raw materials, 2. tell manufacturers what to produce, • 3. order construction of new factories • 4. fix prices with approval of the President

  47. New Labor Force • 4 million men at war • Created labor shortage • Women, African Americans, minorities encouraged to enter industries

  48. “ The Great Migration” • Over 400,000 African Americans • Moved from South to North / West • Between 1910-1930 number of African Americans in Northern States tripled

  49. Women and WWI • Supported the war effort by: • organizing war-relief drives • Conserving foodstuffs • Supporting the Red Cross • Joining the Army Nurse Corps

  50. Women & “War Work” • 1 million women went to work • Available jobs:loading docks, farms, railway crews, armament industries, machine shops, steel & lumber mills, chemical plants

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