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The Challenge of UK Energy Storage: Decoding David MacKay's Message

Delve into the wisdom of Sir David MacKay regarding the costs of solar and wind power in the UK. Analyze the feasibility of renewable energy storage solutions in relation to public willingness to pay. Unravel the complexities of seasonal energy demand and the implications on storage costs. Explore innovative energy storage methods with a critical eye on sustainability.

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The Challenge of UK Energy Storage: Decoding David MacKay's Message

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  1. Vor-TheRe– a story of three wise men and a challenge to UK TES Community Seamus D. GarveyCEng, PhD, MIET, FIMechE UKTES, Imperial College, June 2016

  2. The Wisest Sir David MacKay, 22/04/1967 – 14/04/2016 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/03/wind-and-solar-a-waste-of-money-for-uk-prof-sir-david-mackay-sai/

  3. Storage expensive In his final interview, David MacKay observed that the UK public was not prepared to pay what it would cost to operate the country from solar power and wind. A new delusion is spreading through the world at the moment … solar is coming down in price, wind is coming down in price and batteries are coming down in price … people seem satisfied with these simple statements … so it is all going to be fine What actually needs to happen to the price of batteries for that to be a realistic option is that they would have to come down by a factor of 100 or so I genuinely would be content with any plan that adds up We want a zero carbon solution and it has to work in the winter … If you just cost-optimise … nuclear and CCS for the UK, no wind and no PV

  4. Storage expensive SEWTHA notes … If we have 33 GW of wind turbines delivering an average power of 10 GW then the amount of energy we must either store up in advance or do without during a five-day lull is 10 GW × (5 × 24 h) = 1200 GWh. (UK presently has <30GWh in pumped-hydro) Li-ion batt.s ~£250/kWh … 1200GWh  £300bn Winter is a real thing in the UK. The average sunshine is 9 times less in winter than in summer Implication: seasonal storage is unthinkable.

  5. Storage expensive (this “store” allows only ONE-WAY movement of energy). Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station. (Image from GOOGLE-Earth). ~~200,000m3 of coal-store ≈≈ 51015 J = 1.4TWh!

  6. Wind is seasonal! Slide from a presentation made at the event Energy Storage: A Pragmatic ApproachIET, Savoy Place, 3/11/2011 DJCM was chairman. Stornoway Use MET-Office wind data from a selection of measurement sites to appreciate annual wind conditions. Gorleston A B D C Scilly

  7. Wind is seasonal! WIND POWER (2006-2010 inc) normalised (blue) & filtered (red) to remove freq.s > (1/4-months)

  8. Demand is seasonal! Demand (2006-2010 inc) normalised (blue) & filtered (red) to remove freq.s > (1/fortnight)

  9. Match up fundamental The “fundamental” (annual) component of wind power is approximately 38% of the mean. The “fundamental” (annual) component of demand is approximately 14% of the mean (~in-phase with wind!). A nice “magic-mix” of wind-power with baseload generation is for wind to form (14/38) of supply. Baseload variability occurring at freq.s < 1/year.

  10. What is left … 6TWh Integrate the power discrepancy at freqs. > 1/year (Supply – demand) 6 TWh Energy discrepancy … (TWh) -4 TWh Remaining variability occurring at freq.s > 1/year.

  11. Question for UKTES NOTE: 6TWh of exergy with a nominal power of ~60GW = 100hrs and the vast bulk of this storage would be used much more slowly - more like 50 days. What does ~6TWh (~221015J) of slow (thermal) exergy storage look like ? Phase change material?: latent heat typically 200 kJ/kg – 300 kJ/kg (heat). To store 22PJ of heat (72 – 108) million tons of material 100m 1km 1km

  12. Question for UKTES e.g. Aluminium as a PCM melts at 933K, latent heat 321 kJ/kg Using Carnot efficiency with Th = 933, Tc = 300K 22 PJ of exergy requires > ~33 PJ heat. 100 million tons of aluminium. £1000/ton … ~£100bn Note: sensible heat to heat 1kg of Al from 583K to 933K = 315 kJ

  13. An Inimitable Ozzie Tony Kitchener (AKGK) SVW Pty LtdFactory 19 No2 Burleigh St Spotswood Victoria Australia Also CTO of Atelier Francois CompressorsHP Oil-free PET Compressors Highly adept at Tony math.(c.f. James math earlier !!) Favourite expression … Enter the magnet …

  14. AKGK-GIES System On generation-integrated energy storage, Energy Policy 86, 2015 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515300458

  15. Enter the graphite! Hewson’s Solastor promises world’s cheapest 24/7 solar power

  16. Enter the graphite! A small pilot plant built in the Jiangsu province

  17. Enter the graphite!

  18. Enter the graphite! http://peakenergy.blogspot.co.uk/2008/02/storing-energy-using-graphite.html The Queensland project will make Cloncurry the first town in Australia to rely exclusively on solar power, produced by a concentrated solar power (CSP) system. The system contains almost 7200 mirrors, which will guide the sun's rays into holes in the bottoms of 54 elevated graphite cubes, heating them to 1800 degrees (C). The stored heat is then used …

  19. Enter the graphite! https://www.entegris.com/resources/assets/6205-7329-0513.pdf Melting point of graphite is 3500C. Specific heat … 400K … 1026 J/kg K 1000K … 1763 J/kg K 1500K … 1959 J/kg K 2000K … 2077 J/kg K 2500K … 2150 J/kg K

  20. Enter the graphite! Exergy content in graphite ….

  21. Enter the graphite! Exergy content in graphite at 2500K …. 3 MJ / kg

  22. Enter the graphite! Exergy content in graphite at 2500 K …. 3 MJ / kg 22 PJ of exergy requires … 7.3 million tons of graphite. With AliBaba prices … $2000/ton = £1300/ton ~ £10 Bn Allow for exergetic conversion efficiency of only ~50% £20Bn

  23. Exit the graphite! Big Problem:: To convert thermal exergy back to work (electricity) we will need to pressurise some gas and pass it through a heat engine of some sort. 2500K very challenging indeed. 1000K is OK.

  24. What if a device … It would be interesting to have a device to “regrade” heat whilst conserving (most) of the exergy W ? Hot Store:Temp. TH QH Medium Temp. TH “Vor-TheRe” QM QC Cold Store:Temp. TC

  25. Where to start … Thermo-acoustics … ?complicated and involve pressure changes. Roger, likes imaginative solutions … ice-rink in the factory to fit a new machine (much bigger than crane capacity). Roger Regan,CTO Quartzelec Ltd., Rugby Roger, introduced me to …

  26. The Vortex Tube Ambient-temp. compressed air in, cold air out one side and hot out the other. Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube

  27. Vor.-The. Re. Vortex-basedThermal Regrading W ? Not Cold, Ambient, Hot QH Instead Cold=Ambient, Medium and Hot QM QC

  28. Vor.-The. Re. No law of thermodynamics broken (?!) What would it mean … * Release a design constraint * Allow some very high temperature storage (high exergy density) * Enable (in effect) the customisation of enthalpy-temperature curves Challenge for UT-TES CommunityCan you engineer this thing ?? Key challenge: no significant stresses at high temperatures

  29. A conference later this year … OSES2014: Windsor, Canada. OSES2015: Edinburgh, UK 13-15 July 2016 The University of Malta oses2016.com • Sessions on energy storage, offshore renewables, smart grids, island networks, and more • Delegates from around the world

  30. Thanks for listening. Seamus.Garvey@nottingham.ac.uk Lecture to Engineering Club, July 18, 2013

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