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Periods of English. Old English (ca. 450-1100): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England Middle English (ca. 1100-1500): Chaucer 1476: First book printed in England 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor monarchy)
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Periods of English • Old English (ca. 450-1100): Beowulf 1066: Norman Conquest of England • Middle English (ca. 1100-1500): Chaucer 1476: First book printed in England 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor monarchy) • Early Modern English (ca. 1500-1700): Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton • Modern English (ca. 1700-present)
Bayeux Tapestry: harold dux reversvs est (Chief Harold is driven back)
Bayeux Tapestry: harold rex interfectus est (King Harold gets killed)
Bayeux Tapestry: Isti mirant stella (they wonder at the star)
Pre-Christian Germanic Vocabulary • OE geol Yule → Christmas • OE eostor Easter (Lat. Pascha, Fr. Paques) • Tuesday (Tiw = Mars) Fr. Mardi • Wednesday (Woden = Mercury) Fr. Mercredi • Thursday (Thor = Jove) Fr. Jeudi • Friday (Frigg = Venus) Fr. Vendredi
The Alfred Jewel ælfred mec heht gewyrhtan (Alfred had me made)
Anglo-Saxon glossed manuscript (Latin script, Old English gloss (fuisse, werun, were; euangelia, godspellas, gospels)
Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St. Matthew (Liber Generationis)
Hwæt, we Gardena in geardagum, †eodcyninga, †rym gefrunon, hu ∂a æ†elingas ellen gefremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing scea†ena †reatum, monegum mæg†um, meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas. Sy∂∂an ærest wear∂ feasceaft funden, he †æs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weor∂myndum †ah, o∂†æt him æghwylc †ara ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan. ˇæt wæs god cyning! So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns. There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. This terror of the hall-troops had come far. A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved. In the end each clan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king.
Widsith (‘Far Traveller’) from theExeter Book (10th century)