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Classification

Gain insights into binomial classification, major divisions, and trophic levels in ecosystems. Learn about taxonomy, kingdoms, and phylogeny using hierarchical grouping. Discover the importance of biological classification conventions and molecular methods in phylogeny analysis. Explore trophic pyramids and energy flows within food webs. Study organisms' metabolic contributions and ecological efficiency.

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Classification

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  1. Classification • Aim • To gain an understanding of the binomial system of Classification, and the differences between the major divisions, Kingdoms and Phyla. • To understand the Classification of organisms within an Ecosystem in terms of Trophic Levels. • Additional Reading Environmental Engineering, Gerard Kiely. Biology of Freshwater, Kiely, Gerard Maitland, Peter.S. Fundamentals of aquatic ecology R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann. 2nd Edition

  2. Classification of Organisms • Why Classify? • Continuity amongst Researchers • Types of Classification • Taxonomy • Scientific study of Classification and Nomenclature • Phylogeny • Ordering of species into groups having Evolutionary similarities. • Classification by Function • Individuals as part of an Ecosystem

  3. Kingdoms of Organisms • 2 - Kingdom System • Animals • Plants • 3 - Kingdom System • Animals • Plants • Protista • 5 - Kingdom System • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Animalia • Plantae

  4. Classification of Organisms • Animals, Plants and Microorganisms are arranged in groups which are themselves part of Larger Groups. • Hierarchical System = “Family Tree” Kingdom Individual organisms have a name from each of the Taxonomic levels. Nomenclature devised by Linnaeus Phylum Class e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Order Family Genus species species

  5. Classification of Organisms • Importance of the Major Divisions - The Eukaryotic Phyla KingdomPhylum Protista Protozoa (Rhizopoda, ciliata etc) Euglenophta (Algae) Chlorophyta (Algae) etc. Animalia Arthropoda (750,000sp, Insecta, Arachnida Crustacea, Ostracoda, Copopda) Mollusca (snails, bivalves) Aschelminths (Rotifera) Annelida (polychaete worms) etc. Chordata Class - (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, mammalia)

  6. Biological Classification Conventions AnimalsBacteria Man Mosquito Typhoid Gut Bacteria Taxon Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Procaryota Procaryota Class Mammalia Insecta Selizomycetes Selizomycetes Order Primates Diptera Eubacteriales Eubacteriales Family Hominidae Culcidae Enterbacteriaceae Enterbacteriaceae Genus Homo Culex Salmonella Escherichia Species sapiens quinquefasciens typhi coli Lower ranks based on biochemical similarities. For EE, more important to be able to classify organisms at Kingdom, Phyla and possibly Class levels.

  7. Phylogeny • Ancestor-Descendant (hypothetical) • Classical Methods • Phenotypic - morphology, behaviour, cytology. • Biochemical Methods • gram stain - Peptidoglycan • nutritional requirements, metabolism • Protein Analysis - cytochrome C, haemoglobin. • Lipid Analysis • Nucleic Acid Analysis • GC Ratios

  8. Phylogeny • Nucleic Acid Analysis (continued) • DNA-DNA hybridisation • reflects sequence similarity • useful for species and genus level comparisons • Ribosomal RNA Sequencing 16S and 18S • very powerful technique • data can be processed mathematically • sequence highly conserved (< 97% indicates a different species) • Molecular Clock • Precise Phylogenetic Trees

  9. Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producers Trophic Pyramids • Pyramids of Numbers Primary Producers are small (e.g. algae) Primary Producers are large (e.g. Tree) However, Biomass of aquatic organisms varies greatly Escherichia 0.4 x 10-12 g Bacteria Paramecium 0.4 x 10-9 g Protozoa Penicillin 1 x 10-7 g Fungus Daphnia 1 x 10-3 g Invertebrate Salmo > 100 g Fish • Is better to produce Pyramids of Biomass. Still gives pyramid shape, but with steeper slopes. • Is better still to produce Pyramids of Metabolic Contribution (Energy) Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producer

  10. Metabolic Pyramid in Food Webs • Use the Productivity per unit Biomass • Smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates Bacteria 10-12 g reproduce 50 x bodyweight/d Protozoa 10-9 g reproduce 1 - 10 x bodyweight/d zooplankton 10-3 g reproduce 0.1 x bodyweight/d fish 100 g reproduce 0.01 x bodyweight/d • Productivity/Biomass Ratio • Combine P/B with Enumeration data for members within a Trophic level to give best estimate of its Metabolic Contribution (Energy). • Diversity of Organisms. • Number of species in the Community • Ecological Efficiency (5 - 15%) • Key Indicator in monitoring the ‘Condition’ of natural environments (rivers, lakes) and of STP.

  11. Decomposer Food Chain

  12. Energy and Nutrient Flow

  13. Energy - Export, Import, Recycling.

  14. Trophic Pyramids

  15. Energy Flows -Hydraulic Model

  16. Food Pyramids

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