Influences of Leadership Practices in Pakistan: Tensions and Dilemmas

1. Influences of Leadership Practices in Pakistan: Tensions and Dilemmas By Nadeem Ahmad Khan & Professor Christopher Day Teacher and Leadership Research Center, School of Education, The University of Nottingham

2. Background and context: • Pakistan –a country facing several challenges (Geo-political facts) • Education: What numbers say: Over-all literacy 54% (2006-7 Pakistan Economic Survey) • Male 65% Female 42% • Public Spending on Education 2.1% GDP (2006-7 Pakistan Economic Survey) • Types of Schools in Pakistan (Public, Private, Madressas, Franchise, Elite International, NGOs/Charity sponsored, Small Schools in urban areas and schools in residential homes

3. Key Issues and Questions Posed: • Head teachers Role: 2nd most important in improving learning outcomes of students. (Leithwood and Day 2007) • Government of Pakistan is keen to raise standards and pledges to raise quality education for all. • What are the contexts (social, biographical, ecological etc.) that help/hinder headtechers of Pakistan in improving the standards? • What leadership practices are prevalent in Pakistani schools? Are these similar/different to those in available through literature? • What factors influence school leaders’ practices in the schools?

4. Research Strategy: • Selection of Sample: Schools of Lahore (Provincial Capital of the largest populated province of Pakistan) • Multi Method Approach: Interviews, field notes, observations • Phase 1 • Interviews with 12 head teachers ( 1 Head teacher from each of the Zones allocated by the City District Government) • Field observations in 12 schools as above • Phase 2 • Identification of Four Case Study Schools • Case Studies lasted three weeks in each of the four schools • Interviews with head teacher, 5 teachers, 5 students and 2 parents in each school • Overt Observations of school routine processes

5. Case Study Schools

6. Issues During the fieldwork • Access to Schools: • Security • Ethics

7. Comparison: Public Vs Private Schools

8. Public School Case Study

9. Physical Conditions

10. Classroom Conditions: Continued

11. View from Outside

12. Case 2: Another world: Private School

13. Private School… Continued

14. Case 2: Conditions in School: Two different worlds

15. Case 3

16. Case 3

17. Case 3

18. Case 4

19. Case 4 For further information please contact ttxnak@nottingham.ac.uk

20. More Findings • Examples of unique practices from case studies: • Dealing with malpractices in examinations • The visit of inspector in public school • Political pressures For further information please contact at ttxnak@nottingham.ac.uk

22. Continued…. • Distributed Leadership model seems not working in the context of schools under study. • Leadership is a value-laden concept. • It should be unwise to try out policies in the western countries without locally testing them.

23. Thank you Questions? For further clarification please contact at ttxnak@nottingham.ac.uk