History of Oceanography

1. History of Oceanography

2. Why Study The History of Oceanography? • 1. It’s key to understanding how the oceans have shaped human society and how they may shape the future. • 2. Oceanography’s past helps you understand why and how people apply marine sciences today. • 3. It’s interesting! It grew out of humanity’s desire to explore.

3. History of Oceanography: 6 Stages Don’t Copy!! 1. Ancient Uses and Explorations: (5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.) 2. The Middle Ages: (800 to 1399) 3. European Voyages of Discovery: (1400-1699) 4. The Birth of Marine Science: (1700-1899) 5. 20th Century Marine Science: (1900-1999) 6. Modern Marine Science: (2000 – Present)

4. *Hold Paper Horizontally Timeline • Each person will be responsible for showcasing 1 of the main events in the history of Oceanography. • Front – A hand drawn picture to depict the event AND a date (a year is fine if you can’t be more specific) • Back – VERY NEAT description explaining the discovery or event (min 6 sentences). How did it contribute to the history of oceanography? • Cite your sources in MLA Format!!!

5. Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations 5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.

6. Ancient Uses and Explorations • 3 primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with the ocean: • Food • Trade • Exploration

7. Ancient Uses and Explorations • Earliest recorded sea voyage • Egyptians, 3200 B.C. • Ancient Phoenicians established 1st trade routes through the Mediterranean, 1200 B.C. • The north star was once called the Phoenician star. It’s the earlier record of using the North Star for navigation.

8. Ancient Uses and Explorations • The Polynesians were the first group to sail across the open ocean as opposed to staying close to shore. • Homemade canoes Hawaii to Tahiti : 2,000 miles

9. Ancient Uses and Explorations • Ancient Greeks: First to use mathematical principles and develop sophisticated maps for seafaring • Greek Pytheas • Used the North Star for navigation and predicted tides in the Atlantic Ocean based on phases of the moon. • Greek Eratosthenes • Calculated Earth’s circumference and invented the first latitude/longitude system • Greek Herodotus • Made one of the first known maps

10. What is Latitude and Longitude? • Helps determine specific locations on the Earth’s surface • Latitude = Across • Longitude = Over

11. Stage 2: The Middle Ages 800 A.D. to 1399

12. The Middle Ages • The “Dark Ages” (intellectual darkness) • Myths replaced knowledge • Example: The Greeks knew the Earth was round but the primary belief in the Middle Ages was that the Earth was flat • Viking Explorations • A warming global climate freed the North Atlantic of ice allowing the Vikings to explore westward

13. Chinese Explorations and Discoveries Responsible for making magnetic compass

14. Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery 1400 to 1699

15. Renaissance (Latin: “to be born again”) • New interest in ocean exploration • Motives: Economics, politics, religion • Bartholomeu Dias (1487) • Completed first voyage around Cape of Good Hope

16. Exploration of New World • Columbus, 1492 • 4 Voyages to find a route to Asia from Europe

17. Vespucci: recognized South America as new continent • Balboa: Crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean • Renewed hope that you could get to Asia by sailing west. • Magellan, 1519 • Finally! Someone sails around the world!

18. *Magellan’s Voyage • Voyage started with 5 ships and 260 men • 1 Ship and 18 men returned • The rest died from disease and accidents • Magellan himself died in the Philippines fighting with islanders

20. Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science 1700 to 1899

21. Captain James Cook • Launched expeditions with science and exploration as the only goals • First to use a Chronometer • An accurate clock that determines longitude at sea (could determine exact location) • Discovered Australia

22. The United States Exploring Expedition • Sailed through the southern ocean for 4 years • Discovered Antarctica • Gathered specimens • Made maps • Mathew Maury • Father of Physical Oceanography • Studied currents and other physical aspects of the sea

23. Darwin • H.M.S Beagle, 1831 • Explored Galapagos Islands • Explained formation of coral reefs • Proposed theory of natural selection • The process by which organisms with favorable traits tend to live longer and reproduce more.

24. The Challenger Expedition • First expedition devoted entirely to Marine Science • (1872) sailed 4 years • Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data at regular intervals across the ocean

25. Data Collection (23 yrs to examine all the info) • Discovered marine organisms in the deep ocean (people assumed nothing lived there) • Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench • Catalogued and identified 4,717 new species

26. Industrial Revolution • Steam engines and iron ships • Submarines

27. Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science 1900 - 1999

28. 3 Important Expeditions Meteor: Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding technology Atlantis: First ship specifically designed for ocean studies H.M.S. Challenger II: Found deepest part of ocean within the Marianas Trench (Challenger Deep)

29. Submersibles • Bathysphere • Beebe and Barton • Bathyscaphe • Trieste – first submersible to descend to bottom of Challenger Deep • Deep-diving submersible Bathys = deep Scaphe = boat

30. Scuba Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

31. Hydrothermal Vents • An opening in the seafloor where heated, mineral-rich water flows out. • Form at locations where seawater meets magma

32. The Titanic • Dr. Bob Ballard and his team discover the Titanic south of Newfoundland in 1985 (73 years after it sank in the Atlantic) at a depth of 12,000ft.

33. Stage 6: Modern Marine Science 2000 - Present

34. Census of Marine Life • A 10 year investigation of diversity, distribution and abundance of marine life. • A DECADE OF DISCOVERY2,700 scientists 80+ nations 540 expeditions US$ 650 million 2,600+ scientific publications 6,000+ potential new species 30 million distribution records and counting

35. 1st Solo Dive to the Mariana Trench • James Cameron and his team spent 7 years researching, designing and testing a submersible that could survive the pressure at 36,000 feet. • Deepsea Challenger • March 26, 2012

36. History of Oceanography: 5 Stages Don’t copy!! 1. Ancient Uses and Explorations: (5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.) 2. The Middle Ages: (800 to 1399) 3. European Voyages of Discovery: (1400-1699) 4. The Birth of Marine Science: (1700-1899) 5. 20th Century Marine Science: (1900-1999) 6. Modern Marine Science: (2000-Present)