History of Oceanography

1. History of Oceanography http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm

2. Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands • 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands • Advanced Open Ocean Navigation • Double Hull Canoes

3. http://www.monash.edu.au/APJCN/Vol4/Num4/44p361.htm

5. Hurles et al 2003

6. Polynesian Colonization http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/pvs/

7. Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

8. Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

9. Example Navigation Leg http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

10. Early Ocean MappingPolynesians

12. Mediterranean Cultures • 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars • 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England • Mediterranean wide maritime trade • Coastal settlements • Coastal navigation

13. Phoenician Ships http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/phoenecian-ships.htm

14. http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0298MC02.gif

15. http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpghttp://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpg http://www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion

16. Mediterranean Cultures • 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars • 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England • Mediterranean wide maritime trade • Coastal settlements • Coastal navigation • Greek and Roman Civilizations

17. http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~cannon/medports/Gibraltar/roll_cloud.htmlhttp://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~cannon/medports/Gibraltar/roll_cloud.html

20. Middle Ages • Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass • Vikings and Basque Travel to N. America • Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean • Christopher Columbus “Discovers” America • Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the World voyage (24 of 260 sailors) • James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer)

23. Chronometer for Longitude

24. Lemons for Scurvey

26. Benjamin Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769)

28. Voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836

29. Evolution of Coral Reefs Fringe reefs Barrier reefs Atolls

30. Edward Forbes (1840’s) • Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean • 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms • AZOIC Zone below 600m • Azoic Theory • Too cold, too dark, no oxygen • No Life

31. Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876) • HMS Challenger • 226’ fixed rig Corvette • 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists • 125000 km • Objectives • Map Ocean’s bottom • Investigate the Azoic Zone • Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment) • Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime”

32. HMS Challenger

33. HMS CHALLENGER 1872 – 1876

36. Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876) • Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) • Extensive Bathymetric Maps • No Azoic zone • Found temperature variability in deep waters (not all 4 oC) • No Evidence of “primitive fauna” • Description of 4717 new species • Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of carbon sulphate • Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench

37. SIO

38. WHOI

39. Ocean Resources

43. http://www.greenet.pl/piosta/gal/bona_2_star.jpg

44. http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030110-N-9851B-082.jpghttp://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030110-N-9851B-082.jpg

45. http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/960916-V-0000B-009.jpghttp://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/960916-V-0000B-009.jpg

47. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/

48. Ocean Resources • Fisheries • Transportation & Trade • Military Use • Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals • Recreation & Aesthetics

49. Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973 • Territorial Seas - 12 nm • Procedures for Ocean boundaries • Right of Free Passage through Straits • Exclusive Economic Zones • 200 nm • Can extend out to 350nm • Jurisdiction over: • Fisheries • Pollution • Scientific Research • Mineral Resources

50. www.whoi.edu