Carbon Compounds In Cells

1. Chapter 3 Carbon Compounds In Cells Producers Capture _______ • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids _____ ______ _______ sugars CO2 + H2O Global warming- we all agree it is happening • World ____concentrationsincrease in fall/winter • Overall earth temp. is increasing. • Use of fossil fuels releases ____into atmosphere • Does increased ____ contribute to global warming??

2. Let’s build life from carbon carbon • Outer shell of carbon has __ electrons • Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to ____ atoms Carbon can be arranged in all sorts of molecules This is ______________ or ______________ give these molecules their function

3. There are ___________________ that are most important to the chemistry of life: • 1) __________- OH • 2) ___________-CO • 3) __________-COOH • 4) _________- NH3 • 5) ___________- SH • 6) ___________- PO4 • All are ____________ and___________solubility of organic compounds in water.

4. (ketone; CO) HYDROXYL CARBOXYL (alcohol) (non-ionized; —COOH) (ionized; —COO–) METHYL AMINO (non-ionized; —NH2) (ionized; —+NH3) CARBONYL PHOSPHATE (icon for phosphate group) (aldehyde; —CHO) Fig. 3.2, p. 36

5. Two major reactions to build and break down macromolecules 1. _____________ Reaction • ____ subunits • Water ________ 2. ___________ Reaction • _______subunits • Water _________

6. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids End in “___” • Monosaccharides- (simple sugars) • _________-tasting • Water soluble • Most have _____ carbons- • Glucose (6 C), Fructose (6 C), Ribose (5 C), Deoxyribose (5 C) • Table sugar is a __________

7. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • ___________- (complex carbohydrates) • Made by ____________ reaction • Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers • Most common are composed entirely of ____________ • ______________- tough, indigestible structural material in plants • _________ – easily digestible, used for plant storage • _________- animal storage (in liver and muscles)

8. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Most include ______________ • Fats • Phospholipids • Waxes • Sterols and their derivatives have no ____________ • Tend to be _____________ in water What is a ___________? • Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms) with _________ group (-COOH) at one end • ______________ - Single bonds between carbons • ____________ - One or more double bonds- linked to ______ _______

9. What is a ___? • 2 - 3 fatty acid(s) attached to _________ • If one fatty acid is replaced with a ________ group, it become a ______________ • Phospholipids make up cell _________

10. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids Sterols and Derivatives • No fatty acids • Four fused-together carbon ______ • __________- most common type in animals Waxes • Long-chain fatty acids • Firm consistency, repel ______ • Important in _________________

11. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids __________ are the subunit of proteins • Differences in ________ produce the __different amino acids. • Amino acids may be: • Non-polar (no ___________ group) • ______ (uncharged, or “+” or “-” charge) valine (val) glutamate (glu) Amino acids linked by ______ bonds via ____________________

12. Amino acids linked by _______ bonds via ___________ ________ Condensation reaction Condensation reaction Condensation reaction newly forming polypeptide chain Fig. 3.14, p. 43

13. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Four levels of structure: ___________._____________, ______________,___________ • Three or more amino acids= ___________ • Backbone of polypeptide has __atoms: -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-

14. D. Proteins • The ______ structure of a protein is its unique _______ of amino acids. • Sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobins, is due to a single ________ substitution. Sickle cell Normal

15. D. Proteins • The ________ structure -hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the __________ backbone. • Typical shapes -_______ (an alpha helix) -______(beta pleated sheets).

16. D. Proteins 2. __________ interactions 1. _________ bonds • ______ structure - determined by interactions among between _______ and the _________ backbone. 4. ____________- strong covalent bonds that form between the sulfhydryl groups (SH) of cysteine monomers, stabilize the structure. 3. _____ bonds Fig. 5.22

17. D. Proteins • _________ structure results from the aggregation of _________ polypeptide subunits. • _________ - fibrous protein of three polypeptides that are supercoiled like a rope. • ____________- a globular protein with ____ copies of ____kinds of polypeptides. Fig. 5.23 Hemaglobin Collagen

18. Protein Denaturation • Disruption of three-dimensional shape • Breakage of weak bonds • Causes of denaturation: • pH • Temperature • Destroying protein shape disrupts function A permanent wave

19. Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • A gene consists of regions of DNA, a polymer of _______ _____. • Two types of nucleic acids: _________________ and _______________________ • DNA provides direction for its own replication. • DNA makes ____makes _______. • DNA is the basis of inheritance • One gene synthesizes one ____

20. Sugar Ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate group Base Nitrogen-containing Single or double ring structure • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids E. Nucleic Acids ______ components in nucleic acids- 1. _____ 3. ________ DNA –__ at the “2” carbon RNA –__ at the “2” carbon 2. ____________

21. Nucleotide Functions • _______ carriers • Coenzymes • Chemical messengers • Building blocks for ________________

22. DNA • Double-stranded • Consists of four types of nucleotides • __ bound to __ • __ bound to __

23. This is an H in DNA RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA contains ________ as its sugar (not deoxyribose) 2. _________ replaces thymine. AGTCAT becomes AGUCAU 3. An RNA molecule almost always consists of a ________ strand. 4. Three types are key players in protein synthesis

24. Natural Toxins • Normal ____________ products of one species that can harm or kill a different species • Natural pesticides • Compounds from _____________ • Compounds from chrysanthemum Synthetic Toxins DDT atrazine malathion

25. Negative Effects of Pesticides • May be toxic to ______________ that help fight pests • May be active for _________________ • Can be accidentally ______________, ______________ by humans • Can cause rashes, headaches, allergic reactions