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Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds. Chapter 4. Carbon Compounds Can Take 3 Forms. Properties of carbon that make it unique. Carbon is tetravalent so can form up to 4 covalent bonds with itself or many other elements to form large, complex molecules. Can form single, double or triple covalent bonds.

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Carbon Compounds

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  1. Carbon Compounds Chapter 4

  2. Carbon Compounds Can Take 3 Forms

  3. Properties of carbon that make it unique. • Carbon is tetravalent so can form up to 4 covalent bonds with itself or many other elements to form large, complex molecules. • Can form single, double or triple covalent bonds. • Covalent bonds are strong and stable so makes a good backbone for large complex molecules.

  4. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are carbon compounds consisting only of C and H. • Alkanes (-) • Alkenes (=) • Alkynes (≡)

  5. Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons

  6. Isomers • Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures • Structural isomers (diff. covalent partners).

  7. Isomers cont. • Geometric isomers (diff. arrangement about a dB.) • Enantiomers (diff. in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric C) mirror images.

  8. Geometric isomers • Have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements. • Arise from the inflexibility of dB (do not allow atoms to rotate freely) • This subtle difference in shape can affect biological activities.

  9. Enantiomers • Mirror images • Middle carbon is called an asymmetric carbon (is attached to 4 diff. groups of atoms) • These groups can be arranged around the carbon in 2 diff. ways. • Usually one is active and the other inactive. L-Dopa vs. D-Dopa • Can be harmful e.g. thalidomide.

  10. Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

  11. Functional Groups Remember! Form is Function!

  12. Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

  13. Example CH3- CH2- OH Ethanol Hydroxyl group

  14. Example: Propanal Carbonyl group: Aldehyde

  15. A structural isomer of propanal but have different properties Thus emphasizing that location of functional groups along the C-chain is a source of molecular diversity. Example: Acetone Carbonyl Group: Ketones

  16. A source of H+ The OH group’s polar covalent bond and the electronegativity of BOTH O’s cause the H to dissociate reversibly. Shorthand - COOH Carboxyl Group:Carboxylic acids

  17. Neutral: NH2 Ionized: NH3 The Amino Group

  18. Amino acid = carboxylic acid and an amine group around a central C. Amino Acids

  19. Sulfhydryl Group • -SH • Organic compounds containing Sulfydryls are called thiols (analogues of alcohols (-OH)) • Because S is less electronegative than O, the SH is less polar and therefore forms weaker H-bonds. • Sulfhydryl groups can stabilize protein structure (disulfide bridges).

  20. The Phosphate Group -OPO3-2 An anion formed by dissociation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). One function: transfer energy between organic molecules (ATP).

  21. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

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