Understanding Carbon Compounds in Biochemistry

Carbon Compounds Organic Biochemistry

Macromolecules 10 minutes maximum for the reading quiz

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Carbon Biochemistry: The molecules of Life

The Tree of Life

What is an organic molecule? Compounds containing carbon • Most carbon containing compounds are classified as organic, with the exception of: • Simple molecules and compounds: • Carbon dioxide • Carbon monoxide Most organic compounds contain C-H bonds (but Urea doesn’t)

In simple terms, organic molecules contain atoms from three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • For example, glucose is organic, since its molecular formula is C6H12O6 • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is inorganic since it does not contain hydrogen. • Covalent bonds link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal framework for organic molecules. These carbon skeletons may vary with respect to: • Length • Shape (straight chain, branched, ring) • Number and location of double bonds • Other elements covalently bonded to available sites

Where is carbon on the periodic table?

Carbon has 4 valence electrons Therefore it can have bond with up to 4 other elements.

All organic molecules have two parts: The carbon backbone & the functional group • Tetravalence of carbon allows for complex arrangement of carbon compounds • Carbon atoms can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds

Hydrocarbon backbone Hydrocarbon chains form the skeleton of many macromolecules

What is a functional group? A group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

Functional Groups (i) • The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions are known as functional groups • Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another • FUNCTIONAL GROUPS give organic molecules their physical properties,their chemical reactivity, & solubility in aqueous solutions

Functional Groups (ii) • Functional groups are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in water • They are ionizable at physiological pH • Most possess electronegative atoms(N, P, O, S) • key bonds are :ester (C-O-C) & amide (O=C-N-)

Overview: The Molecules of Life • Within cells, small organic molecules join together to form larger molecules. • These large macromolecules may consist of thousands of covalently bonded atoms and weigh more than 100,000 daltons. • The four major classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is a hydrophilic molecule? A molecule that “loves” water H2O H2O

Macromolecules • Macromolecules are BIG MOLECULES • There are FOUR classes of BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules (with the exception of lipids) are POLYMERS • Polymers are big molecules, made up from the addition of lots of individual units • The individual units are called MONOMERS • Only 50 or so common monomers make up the thousands of macromolecules responsible for life • Polymers are distinguished by the different structore of their monomers • Just think how many words you can make out of the 26 letters of the alphabet….

Monomer v. Polymer H2O A monomer is a single molecular unit. A polymer is a long chain of many monomers. H2O

Most macromolecules are polymers built from monomers • Large organic molecules are polymers – long chains of repeating units that are either the same or similar to each other (monomers) • What distinguishes polymers is the different identities of their monomers (e.g. hydrocarbon portion on a lipid) • Reaction that creates polymers from monomers is called a condensation reaction, or dehydration reaction; 2 monomers are combined and one water molecule is released (exothermic) • Reverse reaction, when a polymer is broken down after the addition of water, is called hydrolysis (endothermic)

Monomer units join together via CONDENSATION REACTIONS

Breaking Down a macromolecule • Polymers are disassembled by a reaction that is the reverse of dehydration: HYDROLYSIS • Hydrolysis: (from Greek: break with water) Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules, a hydrogen attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl attaching to the other.

Breaking apart macromolecules

Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions • hCondensation and hydrolysis

Understanding Carbon Compounds in Biochemistry

Understanding Carbon Compounds in Biochemistry

Presentation Transcript

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds.

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

CARBON COMPOUNDS

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds (12)

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds Isomers