Renaissance & Discovery

1. Renaissance & Discovery Chapter 2 AP EURO

2. Free Response Essay #1 • Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least 3 specific works to support your analysis (2004)

3. What is the Renaissance? • An age of Recovery • A transition from Medieval to EarlyModern • “Re-birth” of Art & Culture • Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe

4. The Renaissance Began In… • Florence, Italy • 1375-1527

5. Italian City - States • Independent Principalities: • 1. Milan • 2. Papal States • 3. Kingdom of Naples • 4. Venice • 5. Florence • 6. Genoa

6. Urban Centers • By the 1300’s • Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people

7. Location! Location! Location! • Geography gave Italian city states: • Cultural / Commercial advantage • International trade • 13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities becamewealthy“city states”

8. Why Florence, Italy? • 1. Textile Industry • Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia • Employed 30,000 workers

9. Why Florence, Italy? • 2. Agriculture • In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy • Production of grains, wine, vegetables • Agricultural surplus

10. Why Florence, Italy? • 3. Geographic Location • Proximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade • Most prosperous & Wealthy City State • 5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s

11. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • 1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity • Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, Literature

12. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • 2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability • L’uomo Universale “Universal Person” • Capable of achievements in many areas of his life • “well rounded education” • “A celebration of the individual”

13. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • 3. Secularism- • the secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance

14. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • 4. Humanism AnIntellectual Movement • based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome • That advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies) • Francesco Petrarch <-<-(1304-1374) -“Father of Humanism”

15. Humanists Believed In… • A Well rounded liberal arts education • Studia Humanitas– grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, history, poetry • Secular occupations

16. CH10 Social Class, power & politics in Florence

17. Social Classes • 1. Grandi– “old rich” nobles & merchants • 2. Popolo Grosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population

18. Social Classes • 3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri– shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans • 4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes

19. Maintaining Power & Social Status • Marriage = alliance of powerful, wealthy families • Marriages reinforced status & power • See 10.6 Marriage in Haiku: “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65”

20. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • Artist: Piero della Francesca • Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista • Marriage: he was 35, she 13 • Had 7 daughters • She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child.

22. Florentine Politics • 1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”) • Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes • Lower classes ruled Florence 4 years until…

23. Cosimo de’ Medici • Gained control of Florence (1434) • Despot – ruled with absolute power • Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes”

24. Medici Family Background • Gained wealth: • 1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles • 2. Banking • 3. Official Bankers of Catholic Church

25. “Climb “ to the Top • Medici Family used bribery, corruption, intimidation to gain power • Manipulated elections • Signoria – council of 8 “rule” • Loyal to Medici

26. “Amici Degli Amici” • Friends of the de’ Medici: Networking: “Friends of Friends” • Enemies of the de’ Medici: Brutta Figura –intimidation tactic Public humiliation

27. Patrons of the Arts • Cosimo de’ Medici • Sponsored artists to produce great works: • Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect) • Donatello (artist)

28. Cosimo’s Grandson • Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 1478-1492) • Paid artists to beautify city • Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance”

29. Niccolo Machiavelli • WroteThe Prince (1513) • Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson • A manual on how to be an effective ruler, or political satire?

30. The Prince Or written for the express purpose of getting a job in the Medici government? • “If you cannot be both loved and feared, then it is better to be feared than loved. “

31. “Machiavellian” • A term that is used to describe a ruthless ruler.

32. Baldassare Castiglioni • Wrote: The Book of the Courtier (1528 ) • A “handbook” for European aristocrats • Depicts social “do’s & dont’s” for nobles • Let’s Discuss

33. Castiglione’s “Perfect Courtier” Should … • 1. Possess Impeccable character, grace, & noble birth • 2.Cultivate achievements –not hide accomplishments, but be modest. • 3. Have a Classical Education- arts, music ,etc. • 4.Participate in the Military – Serve Prince w/ loyalty, honesty

34. Castiglione’s “Perfect Court Lady” Should… • 1. Be attractive • 2. Be well educated, able to paint, dance, and play a musical instrument • 3. Not participate in political, artistic, or literary affairs (discussions) • 4. Be an “ornament” to her upper class husband • Portrait of a Lady, 1475

35. Christine de Pisan (1364-1430) • Wrote: The Treasure of the City of Ladies (1405) • a history of women designed to refute men’s myths about females • As male scholars debated women’s role in society

36. Christine de Pizan “Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405

37. Civic Humanism • 15th century • Duty of an intellectual to devote life to Public Service (politics) • Reflected values of urban society

38. CH10 Renaissance Art

39. Describe the Differences… • Medieval Art • Renaissance Art

40. Renaissance Art = Social & Political Status • 1. Art communicated social, political & spiritual values (individualism, humanism, respect for the classics) • 2. Patrons of Art • Used art to display wealth, power • Funded artists as a way to promote own fame

41. Giotto (1266-1337) • Father of Renaissance painting • From Florence • Tried to imitate nature (Realistic portrayal) •  Adoration of the Magi, 14th cent.

42. Masaccio (1401-1428) • Brancacci Chapel painted Frescoes • 1st masterpiece of Renaissance art 

43. Masaccio (1401-1428)

44. Characteristics of Renaissance Art • 1. Realistic Figures, 3-D • 2. Has Depth & Perspective • 3. Emotion & Expression • 4. Geometrical / mathematical concepts/ Pyramid configuration • 5. Artists gained recognition & fame

45. Renaissance Techniques • Chiaroscuro – use of shadows & highlights

46. Quattrocento (1400’s) Collective Name for Cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy

47. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) • Primavera  • Obvious interest in Greek & Roman Mythology

48. Sandro Boticelli, Primavera 1482

49. Donatello (1386-1466) • Studied statues of antiquity •  David, 1428 • 1st life size, bronze nude in European art since antiquity

50. Filippo Brunelleschi • architect • Designed il duomo • Dome Cathedral of Florencebuilt1420-1436  • Inspired by: Roman architecture