Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

1. Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

2. Learning Outcomes • Define motivation including needs, drives, and incentives. • Identify the theories of motivation.

3. Learning Outcomes • Describe the biological and psychological contributions to hunger. • Explain the role of sex hormones and their sexual response cycle in human sexuality.

4. Learning Outcomes • Describe achievement motivation. • Identify the theoretical explanations of emotions.

5. The Psychology of Motivation

6. Motives and Incentives • Motives • Hypothetical states that activate behavior toward a goal • Incentives • Object, person, or situation viewed as capable of satisfying a need, or desirable for its own sake

7. Needs and Drive • Needs • Physical needs - state of deprivation • Psychological needs • Drives • Needs give rise to drives • Drive arouse us to action

8. Theories of Motivation

9. Evolutionary Perspective • Species-specific behaviors • Instincts or fixed-action patterns • Inborn behavior patterns

10. Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis • Primary drives activate behavior • Hunger, thirst, pain • Acquired drives gained through experience • Drive for money, social approval, affiliation • Homeostasis • Tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

11. Search for Stimulation • Stimulus motives • Seek to increase stimulation • Lower animals and humans seek novel stimulation • Evolutionary advantage

12. Truth or Fiction? • Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a few hours is relaxing.

13. Truth or Fiction? • Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a few hours is relaxing. • FICTION!

14. Humanistic Theory • Abraham Maslow • Motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth • Human’s unique capacity for self-actualization • Hierarchy of Needs

15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

16. Cognitive Perspectives • World is represented mentally • Strive to eliminate inconsistencies • Motivated to justify behaviors and beliefs • Cognitive-dissonance theory

17. Hunger

18. Biological Influences on Hunger • Signals of satiety • Chewing and swallowing • Hunger pangs

19. Biological Influences on Hunger • Hypothalamus • Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) functions as a “stop- eating” center • Hyperphagic • Lateral hypothalamus functions as a “start-eating” center • Aphagic

20. Psychological Influences on Hunger • Watching television increases the amount of food we eat

21. Truth or Fiction? • People feel hunger due to contractions (“pangs”) in the stomach.

22. Truth or Fiction? • People feel hunger due to contractions (“pangs”) in the stomach. • TRUE!

23. Being Overweight: A Serious and Pervasive Problem • 2 out of 3 adult Americans are overweight • Unhealthy weight gain in America has increased • Obesity is a risk for chronic medical conditions • Weight control is elusive for most people

24. Factors in Becoming Overweight • Biological Factors • Heredity, adaptive thermogenesis, body fat, metabolism • Psychological Factors • Obesogenic environment, stress, emotional states

25. Eating Disorders • Characterized by persistent, gross distortions in eating patterns • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa

26. Anorexia Nervosa • Life-threatening eating disorder characterized by • extreme fear of being too heavy • dramatic weight loss • distorted body image • resistance to eating enough to reach or maintain a healthy weight • Most common in women during adolescence and young adulthood

27. Bulimia Nervosa • Repeated cycles of binge eating and purging • Tends to afflict women during adolescence and young adulthood

28. Origins of Eating Disorders • Family dynamics • Role of eating and dieting • Child abuse • Sociocultural climate • Idealization of thin females

29. Truth or Fiction? • Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women.

30. Truth or Fiction? • Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women. • TRUE!

31. Sexual Motivation andSexual Orientation

32. Hormones and Sexual Motivation • Activating effects • Testosterone increases the sex drive • Many female animals are receptive to males only during estrus • Organizing effect • Predispose lower animals toward stereotypical mating patterns (masculine or feminine)

33. Sexual Response and Sexual Behavior • Sexual response cycle • Vasocongestion • Swelling of genital tissues with blood • Myotonia • Muscle tension

34. Sexual Response Cycle • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution • Male – refractory period

35. Sexual Behavior in the United States • Surveys of sexual behavior • Kinsey reports • National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

36. Teenagers Who Have Had Sex at Least Once

37. Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexually attracted to and interested in people of the opposite sex • Homosexual orientation • Sexually attracted to and interested in people of their own sex • Bisexual • Attracted to both females and males

38. Origins of Sexual Orientation • Social-cognitive theory • Reinforcement and observational learning • Genetic factors • Twin studies – comparison of MZ and DZ twins • Sex hormones • Presence of testosterone may regulate sexual motivation

39. Achievement Motivation

40. Achievement Motivation • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • McClelland studies of college students • Relationship between achievement motivation and career choices

41. A Drawing Similar to Those on TAT Cards

42. Achievement Motivation • Performance goals • Extrinsic rewards – praise, income • Learning goals • Intrinsic rewards – self-satisfaction

43. Emotion

44. Emotions • Feeling state with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. • Autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

45. Components of Emotions

46. Expression of Emotions • Universal facial expression of some emotions • Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise • Voice, posture and gestures also provide clues

47. Photographs Used in Research by Paul Ekman

48. Positive Psychology • Contributing factors to happiness • Genetics • Impact of positive and negative events • Socio-economic circumstances • Social relationships • Religion • Attitudinal aspects • Cognitive bias

49. Truth or Fiction? • Money can’t buy you happiness.

50. Truth or Fiction? • Money can’t buy you happiness. • FICTION!