The Development of European Integration: Treaties, Enlargements, and Institutional Changes

1. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 6– Single European Act • AdonninoCommittee (European identity) and Dooge Committee (political reform) • European Council (Milan, 1985) • White paper (Delors) • Treaty (1986/1987) • Institutional changes • Parliament • European Council • CFI • Comitology • Substantive changes • Art. 26 TFEU • Art. 114 TFEU

2. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 7 – Maastricht Treaty • Delors Committee • IGC/European Council • 1992 Treaty (1993 in force) • New form of political project • Art. A • Institutional architecture: 3 pillars (EC, not anymore EEC,+ 2 pillars: within the EU) • Elements in common: great role for the European Council + fundamental rights • Differences: Commission/Parliament/ECJ in the 1st vs European Council and Council in the 2nd and 3rd + external legal personality • Institutionalchanges • Parliament and democracy: Art. 251 TEC (codecision) + appointment of the Commission • European System of Central Banks and ECB • Parliamentary Ombusdman • Committee of the Regions • Substantivechanges • Principle of subsidiarity • European citizenship • Economic and Monetary Union Art. 98-124 EC • New areas of competence (culture, public health, consumer protection, environment)

3. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 8– Further Enlargements • 1995 • Finland • Austria • Sweden

4. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 9 – Amsterdam Treaty • IGC and consolidation of Community powers • 1997 Amsterdam Treaty (1999 in force):deletion of obsolete provisions + adaptation of other provisions • Common provisions • Fostering of the EU legitimacy (openness) • New objectives such as high level of employment • AFSJ • 1st Pillar • Substantive changes: communitarization • 2nd Pillar • No big changes with the exception of the institutions of the High Representative • 3rd Pillar • Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters + enhanced cooperation

5. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 10 – Nice Treaty, EURO and further enlargements • Nice Treaty 2000 (2003 in force) • 1stPillar:codecisionenhanced • 2ndand 3rdpillars:no changes • Nice Charter: check it out • 1st January 2002: EURO • Not all Member States have adopted the EURO (UK, Ireland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Denmark, Poland, Romania, Sweden) • Enlargement • 2004: 10 States(Czech Rep., Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia)

6. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 11 – Constitutional Treaty • Laeken European Council • Convention: representatives from national governments, national parliaments, the Parliament, the Commission + accession countries +Giscard d’Estaing Chair and Amato and Dehaene vice-chairmen • Praesidium: chairman, 2vice-chairmen, 3 representatives of national governments, 2 from the Parliament, 2 from the Commission and 2 from national parliaments • Constitutional Treaty: Part I (basic objectives, fundamental rights, institutional division of power); Part II (Charter); Part III (policies and functions); Part IV (final provisions) • Referenda in France and Holland (unanimity needed)

7. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 12 – Lisbon Treaty and further enlargements • ICG and reform Treaty • Lisbon Treaty (December 2007, 2009 in force) • Ireland’s first and then second referendum and reluctance of the Czech President then overstepped (unanimity) • 7 Articles: 1 amends TEU and contains core principles governing the EU and CFSP; 2 amends the EC Treaty renamed TFEU • 2treaties with the same legal value • Legal personality of the EU: The EU replaces and succeeds the EC + elimination of pillars • Legal status of the Charter • Renumbering • Enlargements • 2007: Bulgaria and Romania • 2013: Croatia

8. Part I – The development of European integration Ch. 13 – Asymmetries in the membership: the case of UK • Economic crisis • Migration and Schengen • UKspecial status in the EU • European Council of 19 February 2016: legally binding and irreversible decision for a new settlement on UK • Migration, economic sovereignty • Brexit or Britin? • Paradox: EU is today much more similar to UK’s aspirations than it was before • In case of BREXIT there are several options but a treaty revision is politically unfeasible • Consequences for UK and EU individuals

9. Part II – EU institutions Ch. 1– General remarks and overview • Art. 13 TEU + Committee of the Regions, Economic and Social Committee, European investment bank, agencies, EU High Representative • No rigid separation of powers

10. Part II – EU institutions Ch. 2 – Commission • Art. 17 • Role of the Commission: motor of integration • Duration and commissioners’ competence and independence (17.3) • Size (17.4 and 5) • President (17.6) • Appointment (17.7) • Individual removal (Art. 247 TFEU and 17.6 TEU) + collective removal (17.8) • Decision-making (weekly meetings and discussion by heads of cabinets + written procedure + empowerment + delegated decision-making) • Commission bureaucracy (Commissioner’s portfolio + DG + Heads of Division/Unit + civil servants) • Powers (17.1 and 17.2 + others) • Legislative power (initiative + overall legislative plan + autonomous legislative power) • Administrative power (management and implementation of policies) • Executive power (budget and external relations) • (Quasi) Judicial power (infringement proceedings + investigator and initial judge in competition/state aid)