Decades of Change: Civil Rights & Vietnam War Project

1. Week 33: April 30-May 4, 2018Decades of Change Ch. 21: Civil Rights & Ch. 22 Vietnam War

2. Why are we here this week? Students will complete two of the five chapters (Ch. 21, 22) during the Decades of Change PPT-based project. Students will complete collaborative and individual assessments and activities related to the Civil Rights Movement & the Vietnam War. Day 1: “Teach” via “telescoping the times” questions Day 2: Assess via “5 word bombs” and collaborative “chapter test.” Day 3: Review and final assessment via Kahoot!, then individual quiz. .

3. Homework: Complete Ch. 22 “ttt,” plus HA book work (51, 52, 53) Collaborative assessment is Thursday, 5/3 & individual QUIZ on Friday, 5/4 4/26 through 4/30: What does “disobedience” have to do with civil rights? How can you differentiate between just and unjust laws? Monday, April 30, 2018 Chapter 21: Civil Rights 2nd of 5 student-led, PPT presentations ends Day #3: Kahoot! and QUIZ

4. Self & Peer evaluation are due within two days AFTER your topic ends… (LAST page of Unit III packet) You will “GRADE” yourself for 20% You will “GRADE” your PEERS (leads to another 20%)

5. Found on BACK of RUBRIC… WRITE about your performance as directed, as well RATE (circle & describe +/-) your group’s effectiveness. What is your OVERALL rating of each individual group member? PRIVATELY rate each team member (6-10), then WRITE a BRIEF narrative of his/her performance during the project SUBMIT the completed form within two days after your chapter presentation is finished. Student 1: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 2: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 3: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 4: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 5: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 6: 10…9…8…7…6

6. Unit IV: Decades of ChangeBW = book work to be checked at the END…(100+ minor points) The Americans COMPLETE all Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 “ttt” = 40 points* Do each chapter’s “5 words” worksheet for BONUS POINTS! History Alive! “COMPLETE” fill-in-blank notes & do either or both the summary & “other” Ch. 20: (43), 48, 49 10 Ch. 21: 44, 45, 46 (47) 15 Ch. 22: 51, 52, 53 15 Ch. 23: 47, 50, (55) 10 Ch. 24: (53), 54, 55 10 Remember: MORE work => more points you can earn, which LIKELY means that you will… LEARN!

7. Unit IV: Decades of ChangeBe ready to listen to peers, read along in textbooks, ASK questions, complete an collaborative, open-book assessment, & then participate in a learning activity. There will be an individual objective QUIZ for each chapter. Day 1: Teach “ttt” via PowerPoint Day 2: “5 word bombs “followed by “textbook test” Day 3: Game, then QUIZ (Day 4 needed for Ch. 22…others?) The Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Ch. 20-24 “tttSociety: ” answers. SKIM textbook(s). 20…New Frontier & Great Society Monday, 4/23Wed. 4/25 21…Civil Rights: Thursday, 4/26M/4/30 22…Vietnam Years: Tuesday, 5/1F/5/4 23…Era of Social Change: Monday, 5/7W/5/9 24…Age of Limits: Thursday, 5/10M/5/14 Collaborative “chapter tests” will be worth 20 minor points. Chapter quizzes (5) will be worth roughly 20-25 major points. Be sure to READ & complete “ttt” questions and Alive! fill-in notes & exercises BEFORE peers teach! History Alive! Summaries (in Shares) contain fill-in NOTES. (43), 48, 49 44, 45, 46, (47) 51, 52, 53 47, 50, (55) (53), 54, 55 Academic ONLY: 4th district exam will be on or soon after Friday, May 18th

8. Find 1950s Overview pg. #8-9…READ! What political changes happened (domestically & internationally)?

9. What social changes happened in America?

10. What was America’s transition like from the 1950s to the 1960s?

11. Homework: Complete Ch. 22 “ttt,” plus HA book work (51, 52, 53) Collaborative assessment is Thursday, 5/3…QUIZ is Friday, 5/4 Tuesday, May 1, 2018 Chapter 22: Vietnam War Years 3rd of 5 student-led, PPT presentations begin Day #1: sharing of “ttt” questions

12. Unit IV: Decades of ChangeBe ready to listen to peers, read along in textbooks, ASK questions, complete an collaborative, open-book assessment, & then participate in a learning activity. There will be an individual objective QUIZ for each chapter. Day 1: Teach “ttt” via PowerPoint Day 2: “5 word bombs “followed by “textbook test” Day 3: Kahoot Game, then QUIZ (Day 4 needed for Ch. 22…others?) The Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Ch. 20-24 “tttSociety: ” answers. SKIM textbook(s). 20…New Frontier & Great Society Monday, 4/23Wed. 4/25 21…Civil Rights: Thursday, 4/26M/4/30 22…Vietnam Years: Tuesday, 5/1F/5/4 23…Era of Social Change: Monday, 5/7W/5/9 24…Age of Limits: Thursday, 5/10M/5/14 Collaborative “chapter tests” will be worth 20 minor points. Chapter quizzes (5) will be worth roughly 20-25 major points. Be sure to READ & complete “ttt” questions and Alive! fill-in notes & exercises BEFORE peers teach! History Alive! Summaries (in Shares) contain fill-in NOTES. (43), 48, 49 44, 45, 46, (47) 51, 52, 53 47, 50, (55) (53), 54, 55 Academic ONLY: 4th district exam will be on or soon after Friday, May 18th

13. Vietnam WarAdditional readings http://americanhistory.about.com/od/vietnam/tp/vietnam-war.htm http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm

14. Homework: STUDY for collaborative assessment–Ch. 22 Did you complete Ch. 22 “ttt,” plus HA 51-53? What lessons should we learn from the QUAGMIRE that was Vietnam? Positives,negatives, & debatable issues/topics? Wednesday, May 2, 2018 I. Chapter 22: Vietnam War Years 3rd of 5 student-led, PPT presentations continues Day #2: “5 word bombs” II. Reading Time Safari Montage Video

15. Vietnam WarAdditional readings http://americanhistory.about.com/od/vietnam/tp/vietnam-war.htm http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm

16. No U.S. war was longer, and none sparked more strife at home. Students will explore the history of American involvement in Vietnam, from the end of French colonial rule through the fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese. This compelling program examines the many people, places and events that became synonymous with the war, from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Tet Offensive; from Ho Chi Minh to Lyndon Johnson; and from the 'domino theory' to the anti-war movement that proved so important in shaping America's political and social landscape

22. http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war

23. Homework: STUDY for individual QUIZ –Ch. 22 + (major pts) Did you complete Ch. 22 “ttt,” plus HA 51-53? What lessons should we learn from the QUAGMIRE that was Vietnam? Positives,negatives, & debatable issues/topics? Thursday, May 3, 2018 Chapter 22: Vietnam War Years 3rd of 5 student-led, PPT presentations continues Day #3: Socrative.com ROBINSON 7522 II. Collaborative Assessment #3 of 5 NO EXTENDED RESPONSES, PLEASE! Ch 22: “test”…20 minor pts.

24. Homework: Complete Ch. 23 “ttt,” plus HA book work 47, 50, 55 Collaborative assessment is Tuesday, 5/8& individual QUIZ on Wed, 5/9 Friday, May 4, 2017 Chapter 22: Vietnam War Years 2nd of 5 student-led, PPT presentations ends Day #3: Kahoot! and QUIZ What lessons should we learn from the QUAGMIRE that was Vietnam? Positives,negatives, & debatable issues/topics?

25. Decades of CHANGE Project Ch. 20 Ch. 21 Ch. 22 Ch. 23 Ch. 24 New Frontier & Great Society Civil Rights Vietnam Years Era of Social Change Age of Limits Groups of students will construct a chapter-specific presentation using PowerPoint You will also be completing a “collaborative assessment” on each chapter/topic. All students will be responsible for one or more “telescoping the times” questions/sections fromThe Americans READ the BOOK! Each question/section is 1-3 slides (intro/topic slide required, plus 12-15 slides/group) “Main ideas” & “essential” answers to “ttt” questions, plus relevant images, PPT effects, textbook graphics are required Use of video clips, music, History Alive! or other dynamic activities strongly suggested Group will present PPT to the class, including a “5 word bomb” or “Socratic Symposium” Collaborative project = 50 major pts (teacher = 30; peer = 10; self-evaluation = 10)

26. Ch. 20-24 “Powerful PPT Project” Work now, LEARN from each other, & later you will share your creativity in a PLAYFUL way. All groups must create a game (Kahoot, 5 words or OTHER game) a dramatic “skit,” musical performance, or other approved activity that brings your chapter to life!

27. The Americans textbook collaborative “test,”plus an individual QUIZ (major grade) • Groups will use the teacher-provided answer key to review and correct a peer group’s ANSWERS. • LIST the total number of questions CORRECT above the total number of objective questions.e.g. 18/20 • THINK about the essential concepts in your chapter, then review the upcoming QUIZ that will follow your chapter presentation. Plan to “teach” the key content!

28. Unit IV: Decades of ChangeBW = book work to be checked at the END…(100+ minor points) The Americans COMPLETE all Chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 “ttt” = 40 points* Do each chapter’s “5 words” worksheet for BONUS POINTS! History Alive! “COMPLETE” fill-in-blank notes & do either or both the summary & “other” Ch. 20: (43), 48, 49 10 Ch. 21: 44, 45, 46 (47) 15 Ch. 22: 51, 52, 53 15 Ch. 23: 47, 50, (55) 10 Ch. 24: 53, 54, 55 10 • Remember: • The more you KNOW, the less you don’t KNOW!

29. Chapter Overview: After decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gain against unfair laws in the south, but as the movement reaches northern cities, gains are fewer Civil rights Americans chapter 21 History alive! ChapterS 44-47 Emily Decking, M1randa Heath, Colin Burn, And Brady Lott April 28-May 1, 2016

30. Proceed with cautious optimism POTENT template SLIDE follows… • Consider COPYING and PASTING it, then manipulating and adjusting the many expected features, including: SIMPLE text layout with BUILD effects that answers the QUESTION Relevant pictures with appropriate TIMING… order and “delivery matters!” Disappearing GRAPHICS (helps pack MORE into less space) Specific reference to History Alive! concept (related to “ttt” answer) Embedded hyperlink to Safari Montage video clip or OTHER dynamic component

31. Ch. 20:2What policies did Kennedy push, and how well did he succeed in having them passed? • Proposals that succeeded: • Increased spending on defense • Decreased poverty aboard • Persuaded Congress to raise the minimum wage • Instituted the Peace Corps • Proposals that Kennedy was unable to pass: • provide medical care for the elderly • to rebuild blighted cities • aid to schools Peace CorpsKennedy’s Peace Corps gave thousands of American volunteers the chance to help people in developing nations improve their lives. MAIN IDEA While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed several were achieved.

32. Ch. 19 “ttt” review: Postwar Boom Examine the “5 word ANSWER” and images for each question (below).What WORD(S) and image(s) do NOT belong? Replace with YOUR ? & book answer “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? 2. What were the benefits and costs of prosperity in the 1950s? While many enjoyed prosperity in the 1950s, including more leisure time, critics said that the new economy stifled individualism. Also, the new car culture, which gave freedom to travel and to live away from work, caused a decline of the inner cities and added pollution and traffic deaths to society’s woes. RELAXATION TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING REDUCED RICH-POOR “GAP” INDIVIDUALITY 

33. 4. What groups were NOT touched by the prosperity of the 1950s? “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? Most African Americans, Hispanics, & Native Americans were denied a part in the prosperity of the 1950s. BLACKS LATINOS INDIANS WHITES HIPPIES

34. Chapter 20, Americans p. 668-697The New Frontier and the Great Society CHAPTER OVERVIEW President Kennedy survives major confrontations with the Soviet Union but cannot get his domestic policies past Congress. President Johnson succeeds him and launches an era of liberal activity with a wide-ranging program of new laws. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: • The U.S. and Soviet Union clashed over the placement of missiles in Cuba, which resulted in their removal by the Soviets, and over access to Berlin, which resulted in the Soviets’ building of the Berlin Wall. 2. Kennedy was unable to get Congress to pass bills to provide medical care for the aged, to rebuild cities, and to aid education, but he did win support for increased defense spending, a hike in the minimum wage, and the creation of the Peace Corps. 3. Johnson’s Great Society comprised many measures such as civil rights protection, Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor, funding for public housing, an end to immigration quotas, efforts to clean water, and consumer protection. 4. The Warren Court issued rulings that changed the rules for creating legislative districts and enhanced the rights of people accused of crimes.

35. 1. How did the United States and Soviet Union confront each other during Kennedy’s term and how did the situations end? The U.S. and Soviet Union clashed over the placement of missiles in Cuba, which resulted in their removal by the Soviets, and over access to Berlin, which resulted in the Soviets’ building of the Berlin Wall. Flexible response…ability to react to threats, including nonnuclear, in a variety of ways (troops, ships, artillery); explained by Sec. of Defense, Robert McNamara “hot line” between the White House and the Kremlin (Moscow) Initially, communism was advancing (US appeared weak) Bay of Pigs (Cuban exiles are trained to orchestrate a “revolution”) MAIN IDEA The Kennedy administration faced some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American society.

36. 2. What policies did Kennedy push, and how well did he succeed in having them passed? Kennedy was unable to get Congress to pass bills to provide medical care for the aged, to rebuild cities, and to aid education, but he did win support for increased defense spending, a hikein the minimum wage, and the creation of the Peace Corps. MAIN IDEA While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed several were achieved.

37. 3. Describe Johnson’s Great Society. Johnson’s Great Society comprised many measures such as civil rights protection, Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor, funding for public housing, an end to immigration quotas, efforts to clean water, and consumer protection. MAIN IDEA The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.

38. 4. What decisions were made by the SupremeCourt under Earl Warren? The Warren Court issued rulings that changed the rules for creating legislative districts and enhanced the rights of people accused of crimes (Miranda rights)…”one person, one vote” MAIN IDEA The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.

39. History Alive! Michael Harrington’s The Other America revealed that despite the general affluence of the 1950s, millions of “socially visible” Americans lived in poverty. Although people’s views and understanding of poverty have changed over time, the problem persists. Defining poverty Pauperism was once considered a moral failure. Today, poverty is defined in terms of income. People below the poverty line do not have enough income to live decently. An invisible class In The Other America, Michael Harrington argued that the poor were “invisible” for many reasons. They lived apart from the middle class but looked much the same. They also played no role in politics. Urban poverty Impoverished minorities became concentrated in decaying cities when the middle class moved out. The Housing Act of 1949 launched urban renewal programs to clear out slums and build new housing. However, many of these housing projects became slums. Rural poverty The growth of agribusiness harmed many farmers. Migrant workers on corporate farms were not paid enough to lift them out of poverty. One of the poorest rural regions, Appalachia, suffered from poor farming conditions and a declining coal industry. American Indian policy Efforts by the federal government to “terminate” its responsibility for Indian tribes led to increased poverty among Native Americans. The Voluntary Relocation Program helped Indians move to cities, but many had trouble adapting to urban life. The “other America” today Despite government efforts, poverty is still a significant problem in the United States. About 37 million Americans lived in poverty in 2005. Today’s poor are younger and more diverse than those of the past. They are also more visible in society. • Ch. 43: Two Americas Why did poverty exist in an age of influence?

40. Ch. 48: The Age of CamelotWas John F. Kennedy a great president? • During his brief time as president, John F. Kennedy faced many domestic and foreign challenges. His presidency began with great optimism and ended in tragedy, leaving many of his goals unfulfilled. • New Frontier Kennedy’s New Frontier focused on reviving the economy, winning the space race, building the nation’s defenses, and aiding developing countries. • National Aeronautics and Space Administration In 1961, Kennedy pledged to put an American on the moon by the end of the decade. In 1969, NASA achieved this bold goal. • Bay of Pigs invasion Kennedy’s first foreign policy initiative, the Bay of Pigs invasion, was an attempt to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba. It failed miserably. • Berlin Wall In 1961, a concrete barrier dividing communist East Berlin from noncommunist West Berlin became a symbol of the deepening Cold War divide. • Cuban missile crisis One of the most frightening confrontations of the Cold War occurred when the United States discovered Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba. The crisis ended peacefully, partly due to Kennedy’s measured response and a willingness to take the nation to the brink of war. • Test Ban Treaty Kennedy and Khrushchev, both determined to reduce Cold War tensions, signed a treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere. • Peace Corps Kennedy’s Peace Corps gave thousands of American volunteers the chance to help people in developing nations improve their lives.

41. Ch. 49: The Great SocietyWhat is the proper role of government in shaping American society? In 1964, voters elected liberal Democrat Lyndon Johnson by a wide margin. Johnson used this mandate to enact a broad program of reforms he called the Great Society. With his powers of persuasion, Johnson pushed more than 200 bills through Congress. War on Poverty Johnson’s Great Society grew out of the liberal tradition of the Progressive and New Deal eras. Its centerpiece was an ambitious War on Poverty. Economic Opportunity Act This act created a number of antipoverty measures, including the Job Corps, Project Head Start, and VISTA, which all helped cut poverty rates almost in half. Medicare and Medicaid As part of the Great Society, Congress amended the Social Security Act to include medical health insurance for the elderly and disabled. Immigration Act of 1965 This measure ended the national origins quota system begun in the 1920s. Entry to the United States was now based on criteria such as skills and family ties. Silent Spring This influential book sparked a new interest in environmentalism. As a result, Congress passed several environmental laws. “One person, one vote”  The activist Warren Court changed the political landscape by insisting that states create legislative districts following the principle of “one person, one vote.” Miranda rights In a series of controversial decisions, the Warren Court expanded the rights of the accused. It ensured that people placed under arrest be informed of their rights before questioning.

42. Chapter 21, Americans p. 698-727Civil Rights CHAPTER OVERVIEW After decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gains against unfair laws in the South, but as the movement reaches Northern cities, gains are fewer. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: • The civil rights movement began with changes caused by World War II. The NAACP pushed lawsuits that won African Americans the right to desegregation in education. The Montgomery bus boycott prompted the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., as a leader of the movement. 2. Violent attacks on civil rights workers in the South prompted President Kennedy to ask Congress for a civil rights law. A massive march on Washington and his assassination, as well as President Johnson’s skill, led to its passage. The Voting Rights Act was passed due to Johnson’s support after another massive march in the South. 3. The civil rights movement changed as it tried to dislodge de facto segregation in the North and as angrier voices called for strong resistance to white racism. 4. The civil rights movement had mixed results in that it succeeded in overturning many discriminatory laws but could not unseat entranced de facto discrimination. Many African Americans still suffer from poverty and the lack of opportunities.

43. Chapter 21 Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 1. How did the civil rights movement begin? The civil rights movement began with changes caused by World War II. The NAACP pushed lawsuits that won African Americans the right to desegregation in education. The Montgomery bus boycott (Rosa Parks) prompted the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., as a leader of the movement. -post-WW II (fairness, “real” jobs, better pay) Tuskeegee Airmen… “Redtails” -Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas (1954) MAIN IDEA Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in the 1960s.

44. Chapter 21, Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 2. What events led Congress to pass the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts? Violent attacks on civil rights workers in the South prompted President Kennedy to ask Congress for a civil rights law. A massive march on Washington and his assassination, as well as President Johnson’s skill, led to its passage. The Voting Rights Act was passed due to Johnson’s support after another massive march in the South. -“Bloody Sunday,” first of two marches MAIN IDEA Civil Rights activists broke down racial barriers through social protest. Their activism prompted landmark legislation.

45. Chapter 21Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 3. How did the civil rights movement change? The civil rights movement changed as it tried to dislodge de facto segregation in the North and as angrier voices called for strong resistance to white racism. -laws vs. attitudes (common practice) -Malcolm X & the Black Panthers (Power movement) MAIN IDEA Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.

46. Chapter 21, Civil Rights Americans, p. 698-727 4. Why could the results of the movement be called mixed? The civil rights movement had mixed results in that it succeeded in overturning many discriminatory laws but could not unseat entrenched de facto discrimination. Many African Americans still suffer from poverty and the lack of opportunities. -housing, voting rights, schooling, etc. MAIN IDEA Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.

47. Ch. 44: Segregation in the Post-WW II PeriodHow did segregation affect American life in the postwar period? Segregation remained widespread in the United States after World War II, especially in the South. But there were also signs of change. In the 1940s and 1950s, desegregation began in sports and the military. Civil rights organizations grew stronger. The landmark Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education heralded the beginning of the modern civil rights movement. Segregated society Segregation affected every aspect of life in the Jim Crow South. De jure segregation was defined by law, while de facto segregation was determined by custom. Blacks in the North and West also experienced de facto segregation, especially in housing. Breaking the color line Professional sports began to be integrated in the late 1940s. Most notable was Jackie Robinson’s entry into major league baseball.T he integration of professional football and basketball soon followed. Executive Order 9981 President Truman was determined to integrate the armed forces. His executive order, issued in 1948, ended segregation in the military. Civil rights groups Civil rights organizations gained strength in the postwar years. CORE was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action. The National Urban League tried to help African Americans who were living in northern cities. The NAACP began a legal branch and launched a campaign, led by Thurgood Marshall, to challenge the constitutionality of segregation. Brown v. Board of Education The NAACP’s legal campaign triumphed in 1954, when the Warren Court issued the Brown v. Board of Education decision. This ruling declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional and undermined the legal basis for segregation in other areas of American life.

48. Ch. 45: The Civil Rights Revolution: “Like a Mighty Stream”How did civil rights activists advance the ideals of liberty, equality, & opportunity for African Americans? Between 1955 and 1965, many key events took place in the civil rights movement. African Americans made great progress in their struggle for rights and equality. Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, blacks in Montgomery, Alabama, began a lengthy boycott of the city’s segregated bus system. As a result, Montgomery’s buses were integrated. SCLC and SNCC These two groups helped organize nonviolent civil rights actions. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was led by Martin Luther King Jr. It played a major role in the Birmingham campaign and other events. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organized sit-ins and engaged in other forms of civil disobedience. Freedom Rides In 1961, black and white Freedom Riders rode buses through the South. They were testing southern compliance with laws outlawing segregation in interstate transport. The riders were subjected to violence and eventually received federal protection. March on Washington A quarter of a million people marched in Washington, D.C., in August 1963 to demand jobs and freedom. The highlight of this event was Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech. Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964, activists led voter registration drives in the South for African Americans. Landmark legislation The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests, enabling many African Americans to vote.

49. Ch. 46: Redefining Equality: From Black Power to Affirmative Action How did civil rights activists change their strategies and goals in the 1960s and 1970s, and how successful were they in achieving racial equality? The civil rights movement changed course in the mid-1960s, moving beyond the South and expanding its goals. Some activists also abandoned the strategy of nonviolence. Black power In 1966, civil rights activists began calling for black power. They wanted African Americans to have economic and political power, as well as pride in their African heritage. Watts riot In the summer of 1965, the Watts section of Los Angeles exploded in violence. This event was followed by riots in black ghettos across the nation. Kerner Commission This commission, established by Lyndon Johnson to study the riots, concluded that their fundamental cause was pent-up resentment over historic inequalities. Nation of Islam Also called Black Muslims, the Nation of Islam advocated black nationalism. Its members believed that blacks should live apart from whites and control their own communities. Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party demanded economic and political rights. Unlike nonviolent civil rights leaders, the Black Panthers were prepared to fight to realize their goals. Civil Rights Act of 1968 The most important clause in this law bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled that busing is an acceptable way to achieve school integration. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke In its first case on affirmative action, the Supreme Court ruled that race may be used as one, but not the only, factor in school admissions.

50. Ch. 47: The Widening Struggle Why and how did the civil rights movement expand? The civil rights movement inspired many Americans to stand up for their rights. During the 1960s and 1970s, various groups sought equal treatment under the law and in society. Women The National Organization for Women (NOW) and other feminist groups worked for women’s rights. They wanted reforms to ensure greater equality and opportunity for women. Latinos Various groups of Latinos struggled for their rights and identity in American society. The United Farm Workers (UFW) organized migrant farmworkers and helped increase their wages and benefits. The 1968 Bilingual Education Act required public schools to provide bilingual instruction. American Indians The American Indian Movement (AIM) protested unfair treatment of American Indians. By the mid-1970s, some tribes had won payment for lost lands. Asian Americans Asian American students asked for university programs in ethnic studies. The Japanese Americans Citizens League (JACL) sought compensation for internment during World War II. Other groups Disabled Americans fought for equal access and won passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. After the Stonewall riots, gay Americans gained greater visibility in their fight for equal rights. Older Americans countered ageism by working through such groups as the Gray Panthers.