COLUMBIAN EXCHANGES

1. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGES EUROPE, THE AMERICAS & AFRICA 1450 - 1750

2. THEMES & SKILLS TO USE • Theme: Interaction • Wars, Diplomacy • Exchanges • Economic • Biological • Intellectual • Movement • Theme: Change over time • Social Structures • Demography • Environment • State Structures • Commerce/Industry • Technology • Skills: Compare and Contrast

3. THE AGE OF RECONNAISSANCE1425 – 1600 C.E. • Motivations (3C’s or 3G’s) • Commerce: Rivalry with Italian cities • Conquest: War against pagans, heathens • Christianity: Spread the faith • Gold: Africa wet the appetite • Glory: Path to nobility, honors • God: Competition with Islam • Competition from Muslims • Ottoman Empire taxed trade • Trans-Eurasian trade dominated by Muslims • Europeans increasingly marginalized in trade

4. WORLD IN 1500 C.E.

5. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY • European Mechanisms • Weapons of War • Cannons and Guns • Horses • Armor • Ships • Galleons • Caravels • Shipbuilding techniques • Use high bows, rudders • Movable sails • Designed to sail Atlantic • Maritime navigation • Astrolabe: Use stars to navigate • Maps, charts were of highest calibre • Schools to teach navigation • American Technology stagnated in Stone Age • African Technology lagged behind West

6. THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION • The Renaissance • Explorers were Renaissance • Individualism • Accomplishments • Rewards • Age exchanged ideas • Geography, navigation • New navigation tools • Myth of Prester John • African Christian king • Europeans seeking allies against Muslims • Travels of Marco Polo • Italian who opened imagination to East • Problem was how to get to China, bypassing Muslims • The Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa • His gift of gold depressed world prices • Gave evidence of wealth to be obtained in Africa

8. PORTUGUESE BEGINNINGS • Causes for Expansion • The Reconquista of Iberia • Participated in expelling Muslims • Portuguese had a crusade mentality • Had great training, experience • Continued war across seas • Ottoman Empire spreading • Invaded Eastern Europe • Pushing into Middle East, North Africa • Italian trade monopoly with Muslims • Beginnings • Conquest of Cueta (N. Africa) • Seized city to get at Morocco • Moved down coast to block Muslims • The Navigators • Henry the Navigator • Brother of Portuguese king • Given royal support, unlimited funds • Set up an academy to train navigators • Bartholomew Diaz (Cape of Good Hope) • Vasco da Gama (to India) • Cabral (to Brazil)

9. THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA • Portuguese settle Azores • Base for leaping off overseas • Used as model for colonization • Sugar, vineyards drive economy • 1414: Portuguese take Ceuta • Port on Moroccan coast • Discovered Moroccan trade with Africa • African gold flowed to Morocco • Prince Henry the Navigator • Sets up school of navigation • Goals • Get into Africa • Tap African wealth • Find allies against Muslims • Bypass Muslims • 1487: Cape of Good Hope • 1497: India Reached

10. WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA • Forest Kingdoms • West Africa: Ife-Ife, Benin, Yoruba, Ashante • Central Africa: Kongo • State and economic structures • Divine Right Monarchies assisted by aristocrats • Rulers often isolated figures surrounded by advisors • Power concentrated in families, advisors • Commerce • Land owned by rulers, groups; women often farmed • Trade with Sahel: gold, ivory, slaves for finished goods • Local manufacturing jealously guarded by artisan clans • Arrival of Portuguese (Later Dutch, English, French, Spanish) • Introduced new religious, cultural ideas • Introduced new weapons and manufactured goods • Reoriented trade away from north to coasts, European Atlantic trade • Trade: Swap of slaves for weapons • African kings retained control of land side of slave trade • Warfare increased as states sought to acquire slaves to export • States created large armies trained to use firearms • Slaving increased violence and stagnated population growth • Europeans introduced American foodstuffs into Africa • Yams, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes • Increased population almost totally taken up into slave trade

11. COLUMBUS • Spain jealous of Portugal • Portuguese keep routes secret • Portugal growing rich • Castile and Canaries • Canaries settled by Castilians • Set patterns for future colonization • Natives enslaved, decimated by diseases • Land divided amongst conquerors • Sugar became primary crop • Castile seek route to Asia • Spanish Caribbean • Columbus lands in Bahamas • Makes four voyages to Caribbean • Establishes forts in Hispaniola • Enslaves Taino Indians • Smallpox begins to spread • Sugar Plantations established • Successors search for routes, wealth

12. SPAIN CONQUERS AZTECS • By 1521: Spain knows of Aztecs • Rumors of wealth, influence • Spanish ships had visited coasts • Hernando Cortés and expedition • Unsanctioned expedition • Problems for the Aztecs • Tlaxcala/Totonacs allied with Spanish • Religion predicted disaster in 1521 • Diseases spread immediately • Spanish weapons, horses • The Encomienda established • Parceled out lands with Indians as estates • Established feudalism in Americas • Catholicism and Crown arrive • Crown gets a tenth of profits • Appoints governors, courts • Church becomes protector of Indians

13. CORTES ARRIVES IN MEXICO

14. SPAIN CONQUERS PERU • Conquistadors push out in all directions • Francisco Pizarro hears rumors of Inca • Unofficial expedition sets out to conquer • The Inca after cooperating, resist for years • Huana Capac • Huascar • The Crown Arrives • Americas divided up into viceroys • Audencias become the courts • Capital established at Lima • Mercantilism • Colonies exist to benefit Spain • Trade funneled through Spain • Finished goods came from Spain • Silver • Wealthy deposits in Mexico, Peru • Mexican silver crucial to East Asia • Peruvian silver flows into Europe

15. PORTUGUESE BRAZIL • Cabral's 'discovery' (1500) • Portuguese visit South America • Establish colonies, explore area • Dutch, French interested • Piracy results • Spain, Portugal drive rivals out • King grants estates • Governor oversees it • 100,000 immigrants • Sugar plantations • African slaves replace Indians • Church missions • Church reaches out to Indians • Missions in interior of continent • Missions transmit culture, faith, technology • Treaty of Tordesillas (1498) divides world

16. THE IBERIAN WORLD

17. IMPACT: NEW WORLD ORDER • Europeans in the Americas • Dutch, French, English explorers followed • Fishermen had visited coasts early • Spread diseases throughout area • Whole Indian villages decimated, abandoned • Explored North America, route to Asia • French, English, Dutch establish colonies • Colonies were settler colonies • Many Europeans immigrated to Americas • Colonies were largely agricultural • Warfare over Americas • Contest for colonies lasted over 300 years • This was the Golden Age of Piracy • Spain, Portugal lost lands in Americas • Americas often causes of European wars • Europeans in Africa • Europeans establish coastal entrepots • Diseases prevented European control • African kings, states controlled inland trade • Exchange of guns, goods for slaves • Europeans dominate Atlantic Ocean, coasts • Americas become part of the Balance of Power concept • International Law develops

18. IMPACT: DEMOGRAPHY • Demographic Transition • Population decimated • Diseases wide spread • Warfare, killings, genocide • Flora, fauna exchanged • Americas • Diseases decimate Indians • Population by 1600 declined 95% • Conquistadors, Indians intermarry • Europeans, European animals arrive • Many areas become neo-Europes • European culture transplanted to Americas • Peopling of the Americas • English, Scots-Irish, Dutch, French settle North America • Spanish, Portuguese settle Latin America • Africans tend to occupy humid, tropical coasts • Indians relegated to uplands, inlands, unproductive areas • Europe • American foods boost European populations • Many Atlantic European states double, triple populations • European cities associated with trade grow • Africa • Slave trade established between Africa, Americas • Between 20-50 million Africans sold into slavery • West Africa population stagnates • American food crops make African populations healthier

19. IMPACT: SOCIAL • In Europe • Increased European urbanization • Rise of entrepot (port) cities • Growth of European middle classes • Begun during Post-Classical Period • Commerce sped up development in England, France, Holland • Not true in Spain as nobility status prohibited working with hands • Iberia re-exported gold to north in exchange for their manufactured goods • American wealth impoverished some European groups • Price revolution hurt peasants, serfs, landed aristocrats • These groups were often on fixed incomes, payments in kind • In the Americas • Difficult to transfer European social structure to colonies • American environment weakened traditional European society • Marginalized peoples in Europe tended to settle frontier • Best lands reserved for immigrants from highest European classes • American creoles arose • Descendent of Europeans born in Americas; majority of whites in Americas • Wealth, influence: monopolized all jobs except political positions • True of Spanish, Portuguese, English, French colonies • Iberians limited influence of creoles; English had social, political influence • Intermarriage produces mixed groups • Groups had more rights than Indians, Africans • Common in Spanish, Portuguese, French colonies but not in British, Dutch • Indians, African slaves marginalized, often ignored in society • In Africa • Key slaving states arose and controlled trade out of Africa • Social groups stagnated – little new blood, chance for change • Slaver states raided neighboring states for any, all people to sell

20. LATIN AMERICAN CASTES • Latin American casted colonial society arose • European born whites at top with creole whites next • True of Spanish, Portuguese, and French society • Hierarchy based on degree of miscegenation • European and Indian – mestizo • Indian and African – zambo • African and zamba - zambo prieto • European and African - mulato • European and female mulato - morisco • European and female morisco - albino • European and female albino - saltatrás (o saltapatrás) • Mestizo and Indian - coyote • European and female coyote - harnizo • Coyote and female Indian - chamizo • Oriental and female Indian - cambujo • Cambujo and female Indian - tente en el aire • Tente en el aire with female Oriental - no te entiendo • Mulato with tente en el aire - albarasado

21. IMPACT: COMMERCE • The First Global Trade Network • European exploration, conquests link world • Constant exchange of goods • Many triangular trade networks • Europe to Africa to Americas to Europe • Mercantilism becomes common practice • Free trade not accepted norm • European port cities become center of trade • Piracy flourishes to circumvent restrictions • Items introduced to globe • New food stuffs: 2/3 of all foods are American • Many luxury items from Americas: gems, silver, gold • American silver dominates the world esp. East Asia • Yearly silver galleon from Acapulco to Manila was critical • Old World flora, fauna established in Americas • Sugar, rice, wheat, barley, rye, coffee, indigo, grapes • Cattle, sheep, horses, chickens, dogs, cats, birds • Commercial Revolution, Price Revolution were results • Joint Stock Companies helped exploit wealth • European capital often originated in American wealth • African capital tied up into slave trade • Capital which could be used for development went into slave trade • Slaves = “cash crop” for export, states become “one crop nations” • Africans trade for technology but do not develop their own

22. EARLY MODERN TRADE ROUTES

23. AMERICAN ECONOMIES • Vertical Zonation impacts colonization • Hot, lowlands grow sugar; Africans • Temperate zone for ranching; European • Colder Uplands grew potatoes; Indian • Intermixing between zones • Commercial economies dominate • Cash crops for export become critical • Ranching, cattle, and sheep in lands

24. THE SLAVE TRADES

25. TRIANGULAR TRADES?Old model is too simplistic EUROPE: SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE Provides: Capital, Manufactured goods Takes: Gold, Silver, Gems, Rum, Primary Products ANGLO-NORTH AMERICA Provides: Rum, Primary Products Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Provides: Slaves Takes: Manufactured Goods EAST ASIA/PHILIPPINES Provides: Tea, Silk, Porcelain Takes: Mexican Silver LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN Provides: Slaves, Primary Products Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods

26. IMPACT: RELIGIOUS • Spread of Christianity in Americas • Catholicism most active, aggressive • Missionaries followed conquest • Catholic Church becomes Indian protector • Whole tribes converted to Catholicism • Conversion brought with it European culture • Conversion aided by Indian mindset, Virgin • Diseases, success of Spanish as proof of God’s power • Virgin appeared in Mexico • Spread of Protestantism • Entered area with English, Dutch • Often confined to upper North America • Decline of ethnic faiths, traditions • Both Catholics, Protestants attack native faiths • Many ethnic faiths went underground • Ethnic traditions creep into Christian traditions • Later missionaries spread past colonial borders • Catholicism in Africa • Portuguese convert some forest states elites to Catholicism • Many local kings see religious conversion as benefit for them • Placed Portuguese, Africans on equal footing • Kongoan kings even communicate with Pope • Popes oppose slavery especially of Christian Africans • Catholics attempt to convert Ethiopia unsuccessful

27. IMPACT: INTELLECTUAL • Discovery of Americas creates dilemmas • Moral certainty • No mention of Indians, Americas in Bible • Innocence, trusting nature of Indians • Different colors, animals astound European imagination • Durer cried when he saw a quetzal bird’s colors • Aztec artifacts challenged European mindset • Racism begins to surface • Superiority questioned • Indians were civilized • Art, architecture were monumental • Mayan, Aztec astronomy extremely advanced • Very hard for Europeans to ignore • Was Aztec brutality different from European? • Europeans waged dynastic wars, crusades • Was their example any different from Aztecs • Philosophy impacted • Noble Savage concept • State of nature • Social contract

28. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING • Compare interactions during the Early Modern Period in any two of these regions: • Anglo-North America • Latin America • West Africa • Western Europe • Compare state structures in any two of these regions during the Early Modern Period: • Latin America • West Africa • Western Europe

29. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING • Between 1450 and 1750, trace changes to society in any one region: • West Africa • Western Europe • Latin America • Between 1450 and 1750, trace the changes to demography and the environment in any one region: • Western Europe • Latin America • West Africa • Trace the development of commerce and trade during the Early Modern period in any one of these regions: • Latin America • West Africa • Western Europe

30. WEBSITES • Age of Exploration • http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/exploration.html • The Conquest of Caliban • http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~rchristo/caliban_f04.htm • Columbian Exchange DBQ • http://ctah.binghamton.edu/student/jaku/caseyprint.html • Latin American History Web • http://www.coas.uncc.edu/latinamerican/latinhistory/