Human Behavior and the Social Environment

1. “Do not marry a man to reform him. That is what reform schools are for.” ~Mae West “I am convinced that most people do not grow up...We marry and dare to have children and call that growing up. I think what we do is mostly grow old. We carry accumulation of years in our bodies, and on our faces, but generally our real selves, the children inside, are innocent and shy as magnolias." ~ Maya Angelou Human Behavior and the Social Environment UNIT 7: CHAPTER 10 YOUNG ADULTHOOD: AGES 22-34 YEARS

2. Welcome • Microphone check • If technical issues close out seminar, my students should meet in the classroom chat room. • Tonight: Unit 7 Project, Unit 9 Project - including extra credit, young adulthood and the biophysical dimension, psychological dimension (field trip), and social dimension (outside information)

3. Unit 7 Project • Ecomap for Luis Perez • Ecomap: graphic visual that illustrates the systems in a person’s life that influence his or her behavior. It facilitates the identification of points of conflict and points of support. • Examples found on pages 118, 623, and 624 of the textbook, and in the Unit 9 Project Information • What are some of the systems of influence in Luis’ life?

4. Unit 7 Project • Directions • Must include lines showing the strength and direction of influence • You may use MS Paint, Paintbrush, MS Word, or another drawing tool as long as the file is universal • You may want to review the final project guidelines before starting as this map will be used to support that project • Grading criteria • Understanding of case study, ecomap illustrates a clear picture of Luis’ systems of influence, 20 points • Uses symbols, including lines and arrows, effectively. Ecomap is visually appealing, 15 points.

5. Unit 9 Project: Instructions • Title page • Introduction: brief summary/history of Luis Perez. End this paragraph with a CLEAR thesis statement. • Body (must incorporate theory and information from the course): • Strongest influences on Luis’ behavior • Changes for Luis as he transitions from middle adulthood to late adulthood • Potential biases or prejudices (refer to NOHS ethics)

6. Unit 9 Project: Instructions • Conclusion: what you may learn about yourself through this case, close with your thesis statement • Reference page: two required sources • Format: • Five (or more) complete paragraphs • 2-4 pages of text, plus the title and reference page • 12 point font, Times New Roman • Double spaced • Free of typographical errors

7. Unit 9 Project: Grading Criteria • Introduction, 20 points • Greatest influences, 20 points • Changes over time, 10 points • Prejudices and biases, 20 points • Reciprocal relationship between clients and HSPs, 20 points • Mechanics, 8 points • Reference page, 2 points

8. Extra Credit: Up to 15 Points • 5 points if you have your project reviewed by someone else (a classmate or the Writing Center) and you use their comments to improve your work. You must submit your paper with their comments on it along with your final project. • 5 points if you review a classmate's work. You must submit their paper with your comments on it along with your final project. • 5 points if you submit your final project before the end of Unit 8, rather than the end of Unit 9 when it is due. Be cautious if you do this, however, that you don't miss bringing in important information from Units 8 and 9 to your paper.

9. The Biophysical Dimension

10. Biophysical Trends • Physical performance is typically at its peak in young adulthood • Young adulthood is a good time to establish health conscious behavior, if not already in place. As BMR slows, regular exercise (cardio and strength trng)and a proper diet are critical to maintaining weight • Young adulthood is the optimal time for reproduction • PMS/PMDD • Poor, ethnic minority males have higher rates of illness and mortality, and the worst health

11. The Psychological Dimension

12. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor stage • Preoperational stage • Concrete operational stage • Formal operational stage • Operations applied to increasingly complex situations and problems in part because of reduced egocentrism and greater objectivity • Not achieved by all due to cognitive limitations, in fact no more than 30% of people reach the highest order of operational thought

13. Communication • Communication differences occur very early • If you have two chairs randomly placed in a room and put two little girls in the room, what do you think they will do? What will two little boys do? • Women speak twice as many words in day than men. • Field trip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGoC8FTLKSI

14. Communication MALES: INSTRUMENTAL FEMALES: EXPRESSIVE • Communication that has a focus on identifying goals & finding solutions • Men use REPORT TALK - involves discussing knowledge & displaying skill • In general, men prefer discussions about activities & events • Communication that involves the expression of emotions & having a perspective that is sensitive to how others feel • Women use RAPPORT TALK - involves discussing similarities & matching experiences • Women usually prefer discussion about their personal lives & feelings

15. Attitudes and Emotions • Sternberg triangular theory of love (1998) suggests that love has three components: • INTIMACY-warmth and closeness • PASSION-intense feelings, sexual desire • COMMITMENT-intent to maintain the relationship • The triangular theory of love posits eight types of relationships that emerge from the presence or absence of the three components of love & include…

16. Attitudes and Emotions • Nonlove • Liking • Infatuation • Empty love • Fatuous love • Romantic love • Companionate love • Consummate love • According to Sternberg (1998) the components of love take different courses, (e.g., in a long-term relationship, passion often decreases, but intimacy keeps increasing)

17. Social Cognition • INTIMACY versus ISOLATION (Erikson) • Two critical developmental tasks are economic independence & independent decision-making • Emerging adulthood: A distinct stage of development that is neither adolescence nor young adulthood • Period of transition • Perspective of self • The transition from adolescence to adulthood involves reaching maturity (independent decision making), leaving home (economic independence) & taking on new responsibilities & other major life changes • What has happened to the average age of marriage? Why?

18. Additional Theory • Daniel Levinson, 1986 • Young adulthood: 17-33 years old • Focus is on love, occupation, friendship, values, and lifestyle • Novice phase: primary task is to move into the adult world and build a stable life structure • 7 additional stages to adult development

19. Psychological Hazards • Young adult years are one of the most difficult periods in a person’s life. Their decisions have a great impact on their life’s trajectory • Growing and major responsibilities can create stress and problems • Many become frustrated when inadequately prepared for the life challenges they now face • Such frustrations & immense responsibilities often relate to psychological problems, such as mental illness (depression and schizophrenia)

20. The Social Dimension

21. Your Love Is Not EnoughWhy your respect means more to a man than even your affection • Need #1: Respect his judgment • Need #2: Respect his abilities • Need #3: Respect in communication • Need #4: Respect in public • Need #5: Respect in assumptions Feldhahn, S. (2004). For women only: What you need to know about the inner lives of men. Atlanta, GA: Multnomah Publishing

22. Transition to Parenthood • For older mothers & working mothers the transition to parenthood is more difficult • Curran (1985) surveyed married parents & single mothers & identified the following common stressors: • Economics, finances, budgeting • Children’s behavior, discipline, sibling fighting • Insufficient couple time • Lack of shared responsibilities in the family • Communicating with children • Insufficient “me” time • Guilt for not accomplishing more • Spousal relationships (communication, friendship, sex) • Insufficient family playtime • Over-scheduled family calendar

23. Multicultural Considerations NATIVE AMERICANS AFRICAN AMERICANS • Many of their unique problems stem from a history of discrimination, broken treaties & prejudice. • Poor academic attainments (only 57% are high school graduates). • Extremely high unemployment rates. • Language problems have affected progress. • Stereotypes promoted by television and movies • Dialect differences have challenged them. • The stereotype of the “violent black” is influencing their social progress. • Poor academic progress and lack of social progress. • Social conditions that are detrimental to self-improvement like discrimination, racism and lack of opportunities.

24. Multicultural Considerations ASIAN AMERICANS HISPANIC AMERICANS • Language problems have been a challenge. • The “model minority” stereotype. • With acculturation, family roles & expectations can conflict with the white American culture. • Value changes in family relationships can lead to a schism between younger and older generations. • Language problems are critical because many Hispanics speak only Spanish. • Poor academic progress and lack of social progress. • Improvement in middle-paying & high-paying jobs. • Lack of appropriate skills for coping in the dominant white society & with discrimination & prejudice.

25. Gender ConsiderationsWhen will women and men be equal? • According to the results of a survey, it may take another 1,000 years for women to match the political & economic clout of men. • Based on the current rate of progress, it will take 500 years for women to hold equal managerial jobs & 475 more years for women to reach political & economic status. • Women hold 41% of management jobs in the United States - 11% of high-ranking, & 3% of top-level positions • Women hold 40% of management jobs in Canada & Australia, 8.3% in Japan, & 4% in South Korea • Greece & Paraguay had a decrease in women managers • Only 6 of 179 members of the United Nations have a female head of state • Women occupy 3.5% of government cabinet posts worldwide

26. Gender ConsiderationsHousework • 1960s husbands spent 1.1.-1.6 hours on family work daily, wives 7.6-8.1 hours • If the wives worked, husbands participation increased by 0.1 hours • 1970s, husbands did family work 1.8 hours daily, wives 6.8 • If the wives worked, they did family work 4.0 hours daily • Husbands have increased their participation in family work by about 25%, but their participation continues to be about 1/3 that of their wives

27. Issues: Divorce

28. Closing • Tonight: Unit 7 Project, Unit 9 Project - including extra credit, young adulthood and the biophysical dimension, psychological dimension (field trip), and social dimension (outside information) • Any questions? • Next week: • Unit 8: Chapter 11 • Middle adulthood • Quiz Ashford, J.B., LeCroy, C.W., & Lortie, K.L. (2009). The social environment and human behavior. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.