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Chapter 2 Chemistry of Small Molecules

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Small Molecules. Elements/Atoms. Matter – has mass and volume Elements:. The “ SPONCH ” elements. Most important of these is carbon. Living organisms that contain carbon (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates, and oxides of carbon) are considered organic.

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Chapter 2 Chemistry of Small Molecules

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  1. Chapter 2Chemistry of Small Molecules

  2. Elements/Atoms Matter – has mass and volume • Elements:

  3. The “SPONCH” elements

  4. Most important of these is carbon. Living organisms that contain carbon (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates, and oxides of carbon) are considered organic.

  5. Elements that are needed by living organisms are: • nitrogen • calcium

  6. phosphorus • iron • sodium

  7. Types of Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonds – • ex) H2 • ex) CO2 • ex) H2O

  8. Unshared electrons affect the shape of the molecule. • ex) water • Electronegativity affects the polarity of the molecule. • ex) water

  9. 2. Ionic Bonds– ions – • ex. of ionic bond) NaCl • dissociation –

  10. 3. Hydrogen Bonds- ex) water

  11. Why Chemical Reactions Occur • matter has a tendency to go from a high-energy states to low energy states • unstable states to stable states

  12. Functional Groups

  13. Water • most living organisms are 50-90% water • water is polar (has a neg. and pos. end)

  14. Properties of water and how they are significant to living organisms—plants and animals (IB) • A solvent

  15. 2. Adhesion and cohesion • water sticks to things and to itself

  16. 3. Thermal properties 4. Transparent

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