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The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

The Chemistry of Organic Molecules. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. 1. WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES? 2. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES: A. Carbohydrates (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES)

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The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

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  1. The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  2. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE • 1. WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES? • 2. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES: A. Carbohydrates (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES) B. Lipids (FATS, OILS,WAXES, STEROIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS) C. Proteins D. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA, ATP) Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  3. EXTRA CREDIT ACTIVITY • Make a chart for the macromolecules with the following headings: • Name of organic molecule, Structural units, Elements, Examples, Sources, and Function • Fill in the chart using your notes and the book • DUE THE DAY OF YOUR EXAM I • (will not be accepted late) Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  4. Organic Molecules THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS OF LIFE ARE CHNOPS THE TOP 4 ARE CHNO, 95% OF THE BODY WEIGHT ORGANIC MOLECULES MUST HAVE C & H TOGETHER! INORGANIC MOLECULESDO NOT HAVE C &H TOGETHER BUT MAY STILL BE IMPORTANT TO LIFE SUCH AS NaCl Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  5. Carbon Atom • Carbon atoms contain a total of 6 electrons, with only four in the outer shell. • Very diverse as it can bond with up to four different elements. • Often shares with other carbon atoms, producing long carbon chains OR rings • Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon bonded only to hydrogen atoms. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  6. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  7. Functional Groups and Isomers • Functional groups are specific combinations of bonded atoms that always react in the same manner, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. • Determine polarity of organic molecule. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  8. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • THOSE THAT ARE POLAR (+/-) MAKE THESE LARGE MOLECULES HYDROPHILIC (ATTRACTED TO WATER) • THOSE THAT ARE NONPOLAR (NEUTRAL) ARE HYDROPHOBIC • HYDROCARBONS IN GENERAL ARE HYDROPHOBIC UNLESS THEY HAVE POLAR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  9. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  10. Isomers • Isomers are organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  11. MACROMOLECULES ARE MADE OF MONOMERS • THEREFORE MACROMOLECULES ARE POLYMERS. SOME CONTAIN MILLIONS OF MONOMERS • MONOMER+MONOMER H 2O + POLYMER • CONDENSATION OR DEHYDRATION • POLYMER + H 2O MONOMERS • HYDROLYSIS OR HYDRATION Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  12. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as macromolecules because of their large size. • Polymers are made up of monomers. • Dehydration - Removal of water molecule. • Hydrolysis - Addition of water molecule. • Enzymes speed up reactions. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  13. Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  14. MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  15. Fig. 3.6 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  16. Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose, Lactose,maltose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  17. DISACCHARIDE Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  18. Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose, Lactose,maltose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin,glycogen Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

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  21. Fig. 3.9a Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  22. Lipids • Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains. • Fats • Glycerol - Contains three OH- groups. • Triglycerides - Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. • Fatty acid consists of long hydrocarbon chain. • Saturated - No double bonds. • Unsaturated - Double bonds. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  23. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  24. Fat and Fatty Acids Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  25. Lipids • Waxes • Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol. • High melting point • Waterproof • Resistant to degradation Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  26. Fig. 3.14b Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  27. Lipids • Phospholipids • Instead of third fatty acid attached to glycerol as in fat, there is a polar phosphate group. • Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. • Arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to water. • Bulk of cell plasma membrane consists of phospholipid bilayer. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  28. Phospholipids Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  29. Lipids • Steroid • Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. • Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  30. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  31. Table 3.3 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  32. Proteins • Functions • Support • Enzymes • Transport • Defense • Hormones • Motion Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  33. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  34. Proteins • Amino acids are subunits of proteins. • Bond to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH2, an acidic group -COOH, and an R(remainder) group. • Peptide Bond - Covalent bond between two amino acids. • Peptide - Two or more amino acids bonded together. • Polypeptide - Chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

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  37. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  38. Proteins • Protein Structure • Primary - Sequence of amino acids. . Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  39. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  40. Proteins • Protein Structure • Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  41. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  42. Proteins • Protein Structure • Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. • Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  43. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  44. Protein Folding Diseases • As proteins are being synthesized, chaperones bind and prevent incorrect interactions. • Mad cow disease is an example of a category of fatal brain diseases TSEs, that could be due to misfolded proteins. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  45. Nucleic Acids • Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions. • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Double stranded • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Single stranded • Every nucleotide is made up of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. • Complementary base pairing Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  46. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  47. DNA Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  48. RNA Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  49. Nucleic Acids • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine and ribose. • In cells, the terminal phosphate bond is hydrolyzed to give the molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate molecule. • Releases energy Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

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