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3. Neumann Functions, Bessel Functions of the 2 nd Kind. Neumann Functions :. x << 1 . . . . Ex.14.3.8. agrees with. x << 1 . Mathematica. For x , periodic with amp x 1/2 /2 phase difference with J n. Integral Representation. Ex.14.3.7 Ex.14.4.8.
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3. Neumann Functions, Bessel Functions of the 2nd Kind Neumann Functions : x << 1
Ex.14.3.8 agrees with x << 1
Mathematica For x , periodic with amp x 1/2 /2 phase difference with Jn
Integral Representation Ex.14.3.7 Ex.14.4.8
Since Y satisfy the same RRs for J, they are also the solutions to the Bessel eq. Caution: Since RR relates solutions to different ODEs (of different ), it depends on their normalizations.
Wronskian Formulas For an ODE in self-adjoint form Ex.7.6.1 the Wronskian of any two solutions satisfies Bessel eq. in self-adjoint form : For a noninteger , the two independent solutions J& J satisfy
More Recurrence Relations Combining the Wronskian with the previous recurrence relations, one gets many more recurrence relations
Uses of Neumann Functions • Complete the general solutions. • Applicable to any region excluding the origin ( e.g., coaxial cable, quantum scattering ). • Build up the Hankel functions ( for propagating waves ).
Example 14.3.1. Coaxial Wave Guides EM waves in region between 2 concentric cylindrical conductors of radii a & b. ( c.f., Eg.14.1.2 & Ex.14.1.26 ) For TM mode in cylindrical cavity (eg.14.1.2) : For TM mode in coaxial cable of radii a & b : with Note: No cut-off for TEM modes.
4. Hankel Functions, H(1)(x) & H(2)(x) Hankel functions of the 1st & 2nd kind : c.f. for xreal For x<< 1, > 0 :
Contour Representations See Schlaefli integral • The integral representation • is a solution of the Bessel eq. if at end points of C.
The integral representation is a solution of the Bessel eq. for any C with end points t = 0 and Re t = . Consider Mathematica If one can prove then
Proof of
QED i.e. are saddle points. (To be used in asymptotic expansions.)
5. Modified Bessel Functions, I(x) & K(x) Bessel equation : oscillatory Modified Bessel equation : Modified Bessel functions exponential Bessel eq. Modified Bessel eq. are all solutions of the MBE.
I(x) Modified Bessel functions of the 1st kind : I (x) is regular at x = 0 with
2nd Solution K(x) Modified Bessel functions of the 2nd kind ( Whitaker functions ) : Recurrence relations : For x 0 : Ex.14.5.9
Integral Representations Ex.14.5.14
Example 14.5.1. A Green’s Function Green function for the Laplace eq. in cylindrical coordinates : Let
§10.1 Ex.14.5.11