Learning to Read

1. Learning to Read • Fill in the Blank Anticipatory Set/Bluebook • Presentation Evaluation Form Development • Learning to Read • Reading to Learn (Comprehension)

2. Relationship between Schooling and Income U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000

3. "Children are made readers on the laps of their parents.“ — Emilie Buchwald

4. Outcomes of Early Exposure • Number 1 predictor of success in school is how much a child is read to prior to entering Kindergarten • Age 7 reading ability predicts school achievement in High School

5. Literacy • Learning to Read • Reading Fluency (Ch 2) • Early Literacy: Concepts of Print • Phonemic Awareness • Decoding skills • Accessing word meaning • Sentence Integration • Reading to Learn • Reading Comprehension (Ch3) • Prior knowledge • Inference making • Comprehension monitoring

6. Literacy: Learning to Read Reading Fluency Acquiring skills

7. "Babies are born with the instinct to speak, the way spiders are born with the instinct to spin webs. You don't need to train babies to speak; they just do. But reading is different." — Steven Pinker

8. Lists Entertainment School-related tasks Sunday activities Communication Story Time Shopping, Things to Do Magazines, TV guide, Rules for Games Sibling homework, playing school Bible reading, Sunday school activities Letters, notes, messages, holiday cards Children’s books, pre-reading Early Literacy in the Home

9. Learning to Read • Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence between printed page and spoken language • “Concepts of Print” • Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences • English has 26 letters, but 42 basic phonemes

10. Learning to Read Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence between printed page and spoken language “Concepts of Print” Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences English has 26 letters, but 42 basic phonemes Decoding:Must realize thata printed word corresponds to specific combination of sounds

11. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down • Bottom-up: start with the basic units and build up • Bottom-up models operate on the principle that the written text is hierarchically organized (i.e., on the grapho-phonic, phonemic, syllabic, morphemic, word, and sentence levels) and that the reader first processes the smallest linguistic unit, gradually compiling the smaller units to decipher and comprehend the higher units (e.g., sentence syntax).” (Dechant 1991) • letters  units of sound  words  phrases  sentences  etc. • Emphasizes “word-attack skills”, use texts that emphasize phonemic analysis…

12. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down • Bottom-up:basic units and build up • Phonics first • letters  units of sound  words  phrases  sentences  etc. • Emphasizes “word-attack skills”, use texts that emphasize phonemic analysis… • Top-down:proceeds from information already stored in memory (prior knowledge) to decipher unit level input • Using meaning and syntax to figure out unfamiliar words • Whole language: meaning first • Emphasizes many rich opportunities to experience written language (e.g., authentic literature, song)

13. Learning to Read • Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence between printed page and spoken language • “Concepts of Print” • Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences • English has 26 letters, but 42 basic phonemes • Decoding:Must realize thata printed word corresponds to specific combination of sounds • Meaning Making: Must understand what they read • Semantic and syntactic knowledge

14. Reading: A Challenging Task I’m trying hard to learn to read But what’s a kid to do When there’s a NO and a GO and a SO and a HO And then there’s a word like TO? Reading BONE and CONE and LONE and TONE Can almost be kind of fun. But I get upset when I have to believe That D-O-N-E spells DONE! It’s plain to see a kid like me Sure needs a helping hand. No matter how much I really try, I just don’t understand I’m trying hard to learn to read Somehow that’s what I’ll do. But for now if you’ll just read to me, Someday I’ll read to you. done

15. Tomorrow was the annual,one-day fishing contestand fishermanwould invade the place.Some of the best bassguitarists in the countrywould came to this spot.

16. The actress received praise for being an outstanding _______.

17. performer

18. Jack and Jill ran up the ______.

19. stairs

20. Happy _______!

21. Holidays!

22. Be my _________ .

23. Avocado

24. Study Results (Tulving & Gold, 1963)

25. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Bottom-up: basic units and build up Phonics first letters  units of sound  words  phrases  sentences  etc. Emphasizes “word-attack skills”, use texts that emphasize phonemic analysis… Top-down: proceeds from information already stored in memory (prior knowledge) to decipher unit level input Whole language: meaning first Emphasizes many rich opportunities to experience written language (e.g., authentic literature, song) Main issue: How to combine these two processes effectively

26. Learning to Read • Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence between printed page and spoken language • “Concepts of Print” • Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences • English has 26 letters, but 42 basic phonemes • Decoding:Must realize thata printed word corresponds to specific combination of sounds • Meaning Making: Must understand what they read • Semantic and syntactic knowledge • Sentence Integration:

27. Automaticity • The key to effective reading is automaticity • The more automatic our reading and recognizing words, the less space taken in working memory. • Then the mind can spend more time on meaning and context, • as well as making inferences about the text or passage, • leading to comprehension

28. Scaffolding the Beginning Reader • How do we help students obtain automaticity? • Assess first (running record) • Teach students to attend to cues by prompting • Mediators in the form of spoken language • Phonics- “get your mouth ready” or “sound it out” • Semantic- “what makes sense” or “look at the picture” • Syntactic- “skip it, read on and then go back” or “go back and reread”

29. “Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.” -Frederick Douglas

30. Literacy: reading to Learn Reading Comprehension Academic Outcomes

31. The Perception-Knowledge Cycle top up Knowledge (memory) Perception bottom down • Perception-Knowledge Cycle • Many view learning as a bottom-up process; starting from the basic unit of perception and building upon it • Efficient learning requires extensive use of top-down processing or the use existing knowledge to facilitate new learning (expectations, aims, goals) Learning

32. Reading to Learn • Prior Knowledge:Influences what is remembered (learned) • Priming exercise

33. Memory Demonstration

36. Study Perceptual Priming as Expectation Bias Test Expectations can influence what you perceive!

37. Reading to Learn • Prior Knowledge:Influences what is remembered (learned) • Priming exercise • Topic Priming

38. Topic Priming: Title of Text Comprehension and Recall Scores for the Passage Bransford and Johnson (1972)

39. Learning The Perception-Knowledge Cycle top up Knowledge (memory) Perception bottom down • Perception-Knowledge Cycle • Problem: Most view learning as a “bottom-up” process • Efficient learning requires extensive use of top-down processing (expectations, aims, goals) • Conceptual Learning • Involves the interplay betweenbottom-up and top-down processing • Knowing what you expect to learn (goals, aims) will facilitate learning.

40. Using prior knowledge provides us with context and meaning while we are reading. Background knowledge is imperative to effective learning. Class discussions and activity increases comprehension. If we have no prior knowledge to “hook” our new information into, we will be challenged to understand, comprehend, or learn. What people know influences what they will remember about a passage Using Prior Knowledge • Therefore, we must provide background knowledge. • Make sure it is appropriate • Make sure it is interesting • At grade level

41. Reading to Learn • Prior Knowledge:Influences what is remembered (learned) • Priming exercise • Topic Priming • Inference Making:Drawing conclusions beyond the text • Background Knowledge

42. Making Inferences • This is the cornerstone of reading comprehension • Keys: • This skill improves as children develop • It improves with TRAINING and assisted performance • Teach students to begin to generate their own questions about a passage • It helps for them to practice and explain how inferences are made • [Gregory, A. & Cahill, M.A.(2010) K-schema, connections, visualize, ask questions, infer]

43. Reading to Learn Prior Knowledge:Influences what is remembered (learned) Priming exercise Topic Priming Inference Making:Drawing conclusions beyond the text Background Knowledge Comprehension Monitoring: Teach strategies

44. Content Comic Books Children’s Books Preschool Books Prime-time Adult TV Prime-time Children’s TV Conversation College Grad (spouse/friends) Rare words/1000 53.5 30.9 16.3 22.7 20.2 17.3 Reading and Vocabulary Development

45. Reading and Academic Achievement

46. Reading and Literacy • Early exposure predicts school success • Reading as both Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing • Comprehension comes with experience and training • Reading strongly promotes Vocabulary Development • Direct relationship between time spent reading and standardized achievement • Take Home Message

47. 10 Ways to Get Your Child to READ and READ and READ • Let your child see you read and read and read • Read to you child every day • Make reading for pleasure part of your daily routine • Read to your child every day • Make books available to your child • Read to your child every day • Talk about books with your child • Read to you child every day • Take your child to the public library on a regular basis • Read to your child every day (thanks to Dr. Bohlmann for use of some of her lecture slides, 2010)

48. Learning to Read • Fill in the Blank Anticipatory Set/Bluebook • Presentation Evaluation Form Development • Learning to Read • Reading to Learn (Comprehension) • Group Presentation planning (if time) For Tuesday: Read Chapter 4

49. “To learn to read is to light a fire; every syllable that is spelled out is a spark.”-Victor Hugo, Les Miserables