KEY CONCEPT Bacteria and archaea are both single-celled prokaryotes.

1. KEY CONCEPT Bacteria and archaea are both single-celled prokaryotes.

2. Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth. • Prokaryotes can be grouped by their need for oxygen. • obligate anaerobesare poisoned byoxygen • obligate aerobes need oxygen • facultative aerobes can live with or without oxygen

3. Modes of Nutrition • Saprobes– feed on dead organic matter • Parasites – feed on a host cell • Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food • Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food

4. Lactobacilli: rod-shaped Spirochaeta: spiral Enterococci: spherical Bacteria and archaea are structurally similar but have different molecular characteristics. • Bacteria commonly come in three forms. • rod-shaped, called bacilli • spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes • spherical, called cocci • Archaea have many shapes.

8. What shape and grouping describes the bacteria pointed out below? A: Staphalacoccus B: Streptobacillus C: Diplococcus Clicker Question!

9. Staphylococcus Bacterial

10. Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

11. Bacillus - E. coli

12. Streptobacilli

13. Spirillum

14. Leptospira

15. Clicker Question! 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ 5. _________ 6. _________ A. Staphylococcus B. Coccus C. Spirillum D. Bacillus E. Streptococcus F. Diplococcus

16. Bacteria

17. Archaebacteria

18. Methanogens • Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach • Produce marsh (methane) gas

19. Extreme Halophiles • Live in very salty water • Use salt to generate ATP (energy) • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

20. Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles • Live in extremely hot environments • Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

21. Clicker Question! Have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles: A: Prokaryotes B: Eukaryotes C: Nokaryotes

22. BacteriavsArchaebacteria

23. pili plasmamembrance flagellum chromosome cell wall plasmid This diagram shows the typical structure of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria look very similar, although they have important molecular differences. • plasmid • flagellum • pili • Bacteria and archaea have similar structures.

24. GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE • The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can differ between bacteria • Bacteria and archaea have molecular differences. • Archaea have different lipids entirely (cell walls lack peptidoglycan)

25. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and stain purple. • stains polymer peptidoglycan • gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan • gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan • Gram staining identifies bacteria.

26. conjugation bridge TEM; magnification 6000x Bacteria have various strategies for survival. • Prokaryotes exchange genes during conjugation. • Bacteria may survive by forming endospores.

27. Pili in Conjugation Hairlike structures that help them attach to surfaces and allow for transfer of genetic material between two bacteria

28. Sticky Bacterial Capsule Prevents drying out, allows it to attach to other surfaces, prevents it from being engulfed, & shelters it from antibiotics

30. Flagella • Bacteria that are motile have appendages called flagella • A bacteria can have one or many flagella

31. Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

32. Clicker Question! What domain can be found in harsh environments like: Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water? A: Bacteria B: Archaea C: Eukarea

33. Clicker Question! Some bacteria gain energy from the sun (cyanobacteria), but the rest have to gain energy by consuming other organisms. These are called: A. Homotrophs B. Heteroeaters C. Heterotrophs D. Homoconsumers

34. Clicker Question! What structure does this bacterium use for motility? A: Flagella B: Cilia C: Pili

35. Clicker Question! Which type of bacteria is susceptible to antibiotics? A: Gram Positive (Dark Purple) B: Gram Negative (Light Pink)

36. What kind of reproduction is depicted in the photo below? A: Asexual B: Conjugation C: Binary fission Clicker Question!

37. KEY CONCEPTProkaryotes perform important functions for organisms and ecosystems.

38. Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans and other animals. • Prokaryotes live in digestive systems of animals. • make vitamins • break down food • fill niches

39. yogurt, cheese • Bacteria help ferment many foods. • pickles, sauerkraut • soy sauce, vinegar

40. Bacteria make Medicine • Vitamins • Antibiotics: • Streptomycin • Bacitracin • Tetracycline • Vancomycin

41. Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems. • Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems. • photosynthesize • recycle carbon, nitrogen,hydrogen, sulfur • fix nitrogen

42. Bioremediation uses prokaryotes to break down pollutants. • oil spills • biodegradable materials

43. KEY CONCEPT Understanding bacteria is necessary to prevent and treat disease.

44. Some bacteria cause disease. • Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making toxins. • A toxin is a poison released by an organism.

45. may colonize new tissues • Normally harmless bacteria can become destructive.

46. Normally harmless bacteria can become destructive. • immune system may be lowered

47. Pathogens STD: Syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia Respiratory: Strep throat, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, anthrax Skin: Acne, boils Digestive: Gastroenteritis, food poisoning, cholera Nervous: Botulism, tetanus, bacterial meningitis Other: Lyme disease, typhoid fever

48. Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease. • Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation. • Antibiotics do not work on viruses. • Prevention is best method to fight bacterial disease.

49. A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria. Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. • Bacteria are gaining resistance to antibiotics. • overuse • underuse • misuse • Antibiotics must be used properly.