Integrating European Underground Laboratories

1. Integrating European Underground Laboratories An I3 for Underground Science Laboratories A. Bettini INFN. Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso Università di Padova and INFN. Sezione di Padova • Summary • The European Underground Laboratories • Next steps of fundamental Physics underground • Other underground Science • Terms of reference in FP6 • The Underground Science Laboratories I3 • Actions to be done A. Bettini. INFN

2. European Underground Facilities Underground laboratories have different sizes and locations LNGS have full technical support structures LNGS is a Large Scale Facility (TARI Contract) in FP5 Fully equipped labs, easy (horizontal) access, drive in LNGS (permanent staff/users/TARI eligible = 66 / 745/150) Independent (horizontal) access, drive in Baksan (205 / 69) (Russia) LSC (7 / 35) Access through freeway tunnels, drive in LSM (4 / ≈60) Labs. in mines. Different access problems Boulby (2 / 30) CUPP (4 / 10 / 0), drive in. Expected TARI users in 2004 = 10 SUL (Ukrein) See PaNAGIC site http://www.lngs.infn.it/site/exppro/panagic/section_indexes/frame_particles.html A. Bettini. INFN

3. INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory • 1400 m rock overburden • Flat cross-section • Neutron fluence attenuation 10–3 (CaCO3) • Cosmic µ flux attenuation = 10–6 • Underground area 18 000 m2 • Support facilities on the surface • Operational budget 12 M€/yr • Permanent staff = 66 positions Independent access completely approved and funded Two new halls funded, further environmental sutdies requested A. Bettini. INFN

4. Scientific programme Neutrino mixing Neutrinos from CERN (CNGS) OPERA ICARUS Neutrinos from the atmosphere MONOLITH not approved due to lack of resources Neutrinos from the Sun GNO BOREXINO LENS proposal Neutrinos from Supernovae LVD Neutrino mass and nature Double beta decay experiments Enriched Ge Cryogenic techniques (Te) Search for non baryonic dark matter A set of complementary experimental approaches Nuclear reactions (two accelerators) Fusion reactions in the Sun Anomalous screening in metals Geology Continuous measurement of the stress (across a main fault) Continuous measurement of chemical and physical parameters of water from rock Underground vs. on surface seismography Biology Cells robustness underground vs. on surface Low background facilities for geology, archaeology, dating, environment, etc. A. Bettini. INFN

5. Scientific users 2001 User = signature on an approved proposal Italians 363 Non Italians 366 (EU ≈150) Total 729 + Theorists 15 A. Bettini. INFN

6. ICARUS & OPERA assembly HALL A HALL C OPERA Occupancy HALL B A. Bettini. INFN

7. Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc (LSC) Present 675 m.w.e. 2x10 m2 NaI 32 COSME 1 5 m 27 m2 1380 m.w.e 20 m 2450 m.w.e. 118 m2 IGEX COSME 2 ROSEBUD ANAIS Canfranc. Pyrenees, 175 km from Zaragoza. A. Bettini. INFN

8. RG-II RG-I RG-III Running experiments Searches for Dark Matter Double Beta Decay IGEX-2b ANAIS ROSEBUD IGEX-DM A. Bettini. INFN

9. Road tunnel Main hall 15 m Service area 45 m Railway tunnel New facilities under construction A. Bettini. INFN

10. Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM) In the Fréjus Tunnel Depth 1760 m µ flux attenuation 0.5 10–6 n (>1MeV) attenuation 10–3 Permanent staff 5 Users 60 One main hall about 30x10x11m3 3 secondary:70 m2,18 m2 and 21 m2. Support structures on surface (4 000 m2) approved “in principle” Project for an extension of the laboratory (megaton size hall, O(1 M€)) under study Low background facility:14 Ge detectors tests of materials for the experiments geology archaeology biology dating electronics food industry Double-beta decay search NEMO-3 TGV Dark matter search EDELWEISS A. Bettini. INFN

11. ZEPLIN: L Xe ‘H’ Area NAIAD: NaI JIF Area DRIFT: TPC Stub 2a 50m Stub 2 Boulby Mine • A working Potash / Salt mine in • 1100m deep • Low U & Th Backgrounds • Over 2000 m2 experimental area Dark matter search Expanding Surface & Underground Facilities • New (2001) dedicated surface building with workshop, laboratory, computing & staging facilities. • New (2002) 1500m2 fully equipped experimental area with >500m2 for expts • Ongoing transport, safety and support services supplied by mine operators. A. Bettini. INFN

12. 95 m old mine 210 m new lift: 2 min 400 m available underground space in the old mine lorry access by decline: 40 min 660 m new ore new mine 980 m CUPP. Pyhasalmi Laboratory Present status Future Proposed new underground facility 1440 m deep Cost for a large hall& services 10 - 40 M€ A. Bettini. INFN

13. Next steps (1/2) • Proton decay • Dark matter • Confirmation of atmospheric oscillation and better knowledge of m2 • accelerator long-baseline  disappearance experiments: K2K (running) and NUMI/MINOS (2005) • Atmospheric neutrinos with 30-50 kt tracking calorimeter (MONOLITH) • Prove if atmospheric oscillation is between nmand nt or else • detect t appearance CNGS project, OPERA, ICARUS • Confirm solar oscillations and better knowledge of m2 • NC vs CC measurements in solar flux by SNO • reactors anti e @ O(100 km) KAMLAND • Redundant information on solar oscillation • GNO, SNO, BOREXINO, LENS (oscillation in a single experiment) • Further limit, or measure Ue32 • SN ’s • low energy (2 GeV), high intensity  beam, look for   e • nu-factory (in the far future) A. Bettini. INFN

14. Next steps (2/2) • How small is tan223 – 1? • Few GeV  beam 10 mrad off axis • Sign of Dm2 • super MONOLITH (100 kt), magnetised • SN ’s • Neutrino-less double beta decay •  (super) beam • nu-factory • Nature of neutrinos: Majorana or Dirac • Neutrino-less double beta decay • Measure absolute values of the masses. Reach 10 meV range • Cosmology • Neutrino-less double beta decay • Tritium beta decay cannot reach 50 meV sensitivity • SN ’s burst delay cannot reach 50 meV sensitivity • CP violation •  (super)beam • limits & measurements of neutrino “masses” from cosmology, single and double  decay • nu-factory A. Bettini. INFN

15. More space needed for • Neutrino-less double beta decay • Experiments are becoming large (15 m diameter) • Dark matter • Experiments may become large • Crystal grow underground? • Atmospheric  30 - 100 kt magnetic detectors Needs order of 100 m x 30 m • Proton decay • does not need to be very deep • needs (multi?) megaton size •  beam and nu factory • can be shallow • may need more than one site • Next generation GW detectors (both interferometer and cryogenic antennas) A. Bettini. INFN

16. Dark matter search Experiments in the European Underground Laboratories are world leading, but orders of magnitudes in sensitivity must be gained to explore the theorists’ parameters space. need experiments with clear signature (annual modulation of rate or recoil direction Continental coordination will help 10 ev/(t d) 10–2 ev/(t d) A. Bettini. INFN

17. M = Detector mass t = Exposure time b = Background rate D = Energy resol. Towards (absolute) neutrino mass Majorana neutrino mass is predicted a few tens meV in most scenarios Increase Mand decrease b without compromising b For one order of magnitude in neutrino mass increase by two orders of magnitude sensitive mass  O(1 t) decrease by two orders of magnitudeb O(1event/(keV t yr)) Nuclear physics effects must be calculated to go from a limit on lifetime to a limit on neutrino mass. Uncertainties: factors 2-3 A. Bettini. INFN

18. Two complementary Support Actions • Support actions under thematic priorities • Integrated Projects • Networks of Excellence • ……. • …….. • Support to research infrastructures • Transnational Access (TARI) • Integrated Infrastructures Initiatives • Communication Network Development • Design studies • Construction and Upgrading of Infrastructures of interest for underground facilities • Integrated Infrastructures Initiative may include • Networking (compulsory) • Transnational Access (TARI). Very similar to FP5 • Joint Research Projects (JRP) • excludes design studies and construction of new infrastructures A. Bettini. INFN

19. Research Infrastructures in FP6 “Research infrastructure” is a ”facility or resource which provides essential services to the research community”, and/or “infrastructural centres of competence which provide a service for a wider research community based on an assembly of techniques and know-how” example. a gamma ray telescope is a RI only if users outside the collaboration that built it are allowed Support of European research infrastructures aims “to ensuring access to infrastructures to conduct research and to promote the optimum development of new or upgraded infrastructures”. An important fraction of Astroparticle Physics, but not all, needs Underground Laboratories A large fraction of Underground Science is not Astroparticle Physics Nuclear Astrophysics, Long-baseline neutrinos, (Double-beta decay, Proton decay,) Geology, Biology, etc Underground Science Laboratories need an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Underground Science Laboratories = I3USL http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/nfp/infrastuctures.html A. Bettini. INFN

20. Networking in an I3(USL) • Networking is the only compulsory element • Funding from the Community may reach 100% of the budget • Strategically it aims to contribute to structure the European Research Area • The action is clearly infrastructure-oriented, well suited for underground labs (not for experiments) • In practice it must aim to • provide governance and auditing to the program (consortium management) • foster co-operation in new instrumentation, methods and techniques • optimise the use of infrastructures • disseminate knowledge to potential users, including industries (e.g. SMEs) • foster technology transfer to • industry • environmental Agencies • other fields • archaeology • geology • biology A. Bettini. INFN

21. TARI in an I3(USL) • Transnational Access to Research Infrastructures action • may be inside or outside an I3 • supports access to one or more, not necessarly all, infrastructures of the I3 • is very similar to FP5 • the support covers the total costs of the access • travel and subsistence of the users (maximum 3 months a year) • priority to first-time users and to users from countries without similar infrastructures • fees per access day (to be negotiated) or actual overcost for the new users • the support must be a small fraction (in any case < 20%) of the operating cost of the facility to avoid undue dependence • expected between 100 k€ and 750 k€ • No capital costs A. Bettini. INFN

22. Experience at LNGS with TARI in FP5 LNGS has won a TARI contract in FP5 (28 months duration) An infrastructure is seen by EU mainly as a facility, which is not exactly a subnuclear physics laboratory Typical “experiments” should require the use of the facility for a few weeks (maximum three months) Typical usersshould be new ones LNGS present TARI contract is 160 k€/yr (2% of operational cost) Requests and available money looks to be roughly in equilibrium Most used facilities are: 50 kV LUNA1 accelerator, low background facilities for multidisciplinary measurements, geology facilities, biology (i.e. non-astroparticle) Contract is important mainly for fostering spin-offs and training new personnel Size of the TARI element on a 5-year I3 is about 1 M€ A. Bettini. INFN

23. Joint Research Programs in an I3(USL) • Must aim to develop the service provided by the infrastructure in a particular field, technique or instrumentation • Funding by the Community will be < 50% of budget • Examples • Laboratory Infrastructure Activities • Techniques for measurement and monitoring of experimental parameters of the labs. • Control and reduction of radon • Neutron background study in different labs • Low background radioactivity measurements of materials and components • potential exploitation of results by SMEs • Fabrication of materials and detector components in the underground site • for instance, shields, growing and manufacturing of crystals • Exchange of information about ultra-low radioactive background and purific. techniques • Design and study of shielding • Co-operation in outreach activities • Optimisation of safety and environmental procedures and policies • Coordination in Astroparticle Physics Experiments & Observatories • Neutrino physics • Next generation double-beta decay (10 meV scale) • Next generation Gravitational Waves detectors • Dark Matter detection with directional sensitivity devices A. Bettini. INFN

24. Proposal • Proposal must contain a Draft Programme, outlining for each activity • Objectives and intended impact (improve co-ordination, increase access, improve instrumentation,… • Multi-annual execution plan, including milestones and derivables • Detailed plan for first 18 months • Outline of the integration of activities programme • Specification for each activity the responsibility of each partner, including the contributed resources • Identify and justify the budget for each activity, the fractions contributed by the partners and those requested to the Community. • Management structure • First call is expected by end 2002-beginning 2003. Time is very short. • Appoint • a steering committee made of the five lab directors • a drafting group: a member for each laboratory • Define interaction/approval feedback with Appec A. Bettini. INFN

25. A third way to Gravitational Waves INTERFEROMETERS far from system resonant modes wideband “SINGLE” RESONATORS at resonance of the system narrowband “DUAL” RESONATOR two mechanical massive resonators wideband relative vibrations meas. by non resonant R/O A “small” energy deposit by CR can simulate signal. Need to be underground Volume ≈ (10 m)3 Optimise depth on the basis of Montecarlo calcualtions and tests Which is the most suited underground facility? Joint R&D EU programme A. Bettini. INFN