Participles

1. Participles

2. Verbal adjective • Verb acting as adjective • *will not be main verb of sentence • Adjective characteristics: • Modifies a noun • Case, gender, number • Verb characterisctics: • Tense, voice • Can have DO or IO

3. 4 types of participles

4. Present active participle • “verb-ing” • Identify if the –ing word is a participle • I am walking. • She sees a man running. • The flying birds are pigeons. • I love sleeping. • I see dogs sleeping.

5. Perfect passive participle • “having been verb-ed” or “verb-ed” • Identify if there is a participle • The wounded man is sleeping. • The man, having been seen, tries to run. • I pushed him. • The cart pushed by the lady is green. • Soldiers often fight, having been trained to do so.

6. Future active participle • (no English equivalent) • “about to verb” • Identify the participle • I see the man about to fall. • People are about to dance! • I told a story about fish. • The cow, about to moo, will be my dinner.

7. Future passive participle • (no English equivalent) • “must be verbed” • usually should add “who/which” in translation • She is the girl [who] must be loved. • We saw the books [which] must be read.

8. Sample sentences • We watch the rising sun. • She helped the wounded man. • I saw a dog sleeping. • The book, having been read by us, was abandoned. • The cats, about to eat tuna, spotted mice. • I see men chasing girls. • N.B. participles sometimes form participial phrases

9. Adjective Review • 2 kinds of adjectives • 1st/2nd declension (bonus-a-um) • 3rd declension • acer, acris, acre • fortis, forte • ingens, ingentis  pres. act. part. • Agree with noun they modify in… • Case, gender, number, and MAYBE declension

10. Translation/Formation • “verb-ing” • 1st + 2nd conjugations: • Present stem + -ns, -ntis • 3rd + 4th conjugations: • Present stem + -ens, -entis • “having been verb-ed” or • “verbed” • 4th principal part  us-a-um • “must be verb-ed” • 1st + 2nd conjugations: • Present stem + -ndus –a -um • 3rd + 4th conjugations: • Present stem + -endus –a -um • “about to verb” • 4th p.p. –us • +urus-a-um

11. Examples • Amans, amantis -- loving • Habens, habentis -- having • Dicens, dicentis -- saying • Audiens, audientis -- hearing Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Dico, dicere, dixi, dictus Audio, audire, audivi, auditus • Amatus –a –um – having been loved • Habitus –a –um – having been held • Dictus –a –um – having been said • Auditus –a –um – having been heard • Amaturus –a –um – about to love • Habiturus –a –um – about to hold • Dicturus –a –um – about to say • Auditurus –a –um – about to hear • Amandus, -a, -um – must be loved • Habendus –a –um – must be held • Dicendus –a –um – must be said • Audiendus –a –um – must be heard

12. Porto, portare, portavi, portatus – to carry Pono, ponere, posui, positus – to put, place Practice • Portans, portantis – • carrying • Ponens, ponentis – • putting • Portatus –a –um – • having been carried • Positus –a –um – • Having been put • Portandus –a –um • Must be carried • Ponendus –a –um • Must be put • Portaturus-a-um • About to carry • Positurus –a –um • About to put

13. Present Active Participle • Declines in 3rd declension • Often creates participial phrase with direct object or prep phrase • Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate • Video puellamdormientem. • I see the girl sleeping/I see the sleeping girl • Puelladormiensvidet. • The sleeping girl sees • Dormienspuellam video. • I, sleeping, see the girl

14. Present Active Participle • Draw arrow to word participle is modifying AND identify participial phrase + translate • Video militemcurrentem ad hostem. • I see the soldier running to the enemy • Vir, currens ad militem, estmalus. • The man, running toward the soldier, is evil • Vir et hostis, currentes a milite, suntboni. • The man and the enemy, running from the soldier, are good • Militeshostempugnantessunt fortes. • The soldiers fighting the enemy are brave • Pugnantesmilitemhostes non currebant. • The enemies fighting the soldier were not running

15. Perfect Passive Participle • Declines like a 1st/2nd declension adjective • Very very very common; usually has a prep phrase • Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate • Video donumportatum • I see the gift having been carried • Donummihi datum habeo • I have a gift having been given to me • Amatus a matre sum laetus • I, having been loved by my mother, am happy

16. Perfect Passive Participle Continued • Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate • Amatuma me donumestin agro. • The gift, having been loved by me, is in the field • Donum a amico datum videmus. • We see the gift having been given by a friend • Dona ab omnibus amata in agro sunt. • The gifts having been loved by all are in the field

17. Future Participles • Both decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives • Not very common • Usually should be translated with a who/which • Puer amicum laudaturus ambulavit in viā. • The boy, about to praise his friend, walked in the road • Puer ab amicum laudandus ambulabit in agro. • The boy [who] must be praised by his friend will walk in the field • Homines multum portaturi currebant. • The people, about to carry much, were running. • Homines portandi currere non possunt. • The people [who] must be carried aren’t able to run

18. Practice Sentences • Remus, videns sex aves, dixit, “Vinco!” • Remus, seeing 6 birds, said, “I win!” • Sed Romulus, videns duodecim aves, vero vicit. • But Romulus, seeing 12 birds, really won. • Romulus, incipiens murum facere, erat laetus. • Romulus, starting to make his wall, was happy. • Sed Remus furens murum fratris deridebat. • But Remus, raging, mocked his brother’s wall. • Romulus, cito movens, fratrem gladio necavit. • Romulus, moving quickly, killed his brother with a sword.

19. PPP Practice • Romani a barbarīs petiti ducem volunt. • The Romans, having been attacked by barbarians, want a leader. • Vir a senatoribus vocatus ad Curia venit. • The man, having been called by the senators, comes to the senate house • Dux a legatīs inventus hostem superavit. • The leader, found by the messengers, overcame the enemy. • Hic, ab omnibus amatus, ad eius agrum ivit. Quis est? • This man, loved by all, went back to his farm. • Who is this man?

20. ANY QUESTIONS?