Biochemistry Notes Part 2

1. Biochemistry NotesPart 2

2. Biochemistry: is the study of the molecules that make up living organisms.

3. Organic Chemistry • organic-all substances that contain both C & H Carbon & Hydrogen

4. Organic Compounds • Also called macromolecule • Macro-=large

5. More on Macromolecules • Monomer: single subunit of macromolecules • ONE Lego • Polymer: many subunits combined making a macromolecule • More than ONE Lego

7. Organic Compounds 4 different types: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

8. Organic Compound # 1 • Carbohydrates • composed of C, H, O • usually 2 H for every C • monomer is a monosaccharide • Names end in -ose • energy sources and structure. • quick & primary energy source • Cellulose for a plant cell wall • Important external cell markers • Structurally important in living organisms

9. + Carbohydratessaccharide=sugar • monosaccharide-simple sugar • Also called simple sugars • examples: glucose, fructose, ribose in (RNA) • disaccharide-2 sugars • examples: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (grain sugar) + + +

10. Carbohydrates saccharide=sugar polysaccharide-many sugars (long chains) Important source of nutrition & structure both for quick use and stored energy examples: starch (plant storage), cellulose (plant structure=fiber), and glycogen (animal storage) + + +

12. Starch is made up of many Glucoses Starch Glucose (C6H12O6)

13. Carbohydrate Functions

14. What is a Reaction?????? A sequence of events where chemicals are changed Involve reactant(s)  product(s) Reactants “react” to form or produce “products” Other occur spontaneously and produce energyexergonic Some reactions NEED energy to occurendergonic

15. How do monomers become polymers? • Dehydration synthesis: synthesis (to build from smalllarge) • also called condensation reaction • when monomers are put together, each bond that is built releases a water molecule • Hydrolysis: -lysis (to break down from largesmall) • water added (water=hydro- ) • this is how monomers are broken apart

16. 1. 2 H’s and a O are removed from the monomers (the smilies are the monomers) 2. Remaining O joins with the two monomers

17. 1. Water molecule is inserted at the O, breaking the O bond

18. Testing for Macromolecules • Different reagents (or indicators) are used to test for macromolecules. • Reagent- a substance used to produce a chemical reaction to detect a specific substances

19. Carb Food Test (#1-Simple Sugar) • Two different types of carb tests!! • Reagent—Benedict’s solution • Special because it needs to be heated (endergonic) • After heating results can be: • Positive test—orange, green, or brown color • Negative test—solution remains blue

20. Carb Food Test (#2-Complex sugar) • Reagent—Iodine • Positive test—blue/black color • Negative test—will stay golden color of iodine

21. Organic Compound #2 • Lipids (Fats) • composed of C, H, O • The monomers of tri or diglycerides are fatty acids(2 or 3) and 1 glycerol • If they are a wax or steroid then they do not have monomers, but are big bulky molecules • store energy, most of cell membrane, insulation, water proofing and cushions organs

22. Lipids • Examples: • Hormones like testosterone and estrogen (steroids) • Waxes-cuticle of a leaf, ear wax • Oils-unsaturated fats in plants • Phospholipids in cell membrane • They are almost always hydrophobic (water=hydro) (fear=phobic) so do not mix with water, also making them nonpolar

23. Lipids They are almost always hydrophobic (water=hydro) (fear=phobic) so do not mix with water, also making them nonpolar , so so solubility in water is an identifying test Brown paper is another test

24. Lipids- Identifying Tests Solubility Brown paper

25. Lipids • Some lipids are made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids (triglycerides) What is this called?

26. Lipids • Phospholipids

27. Lipids • saturated: all single bonds between carbons, full of H • usually solid at room temperature • unsaturated: at least one double bond between Cs, not full of H (bends in chain) monounsaturated or polyunsaturated • usually liquid at room temperature

28. Lipid Test • Reagent—brown paper • Positive test—greasy spot translucent • Negative test—dries normally

29. Macromolecule #3 Proteins largest group contains C, H, O, N (S) Often end in -in monomers of proteins are amino acids and are bonded together by peptide bonds made from combinations of 20 amino acids Used in structural material, enzymes, cell transport, cell structure, & antibodies Examples: keratin (hair & skin), albumin (egg whites), Hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood), Myosin (muscle)

30. Proteins • All enzymes are special proteins and are vital to all living organisms • Proteins are sensitive to temperature and pH and if exposed to these they can permanently change shape and not work • Denature: the permanently changing shape of a protein causing it not to work • amino + amino=peptide bond • 2 amino acids =dipeptide • many amino acids=polypeptide • proteins can have more than one polypeptide chain

31. Proteins amino acids

32. Protein Food Test • Reagent—Biuret’s solution • Positive test—goes from pale blue to light purple or pinkish in the presence of protein • Negative test— any other than the above

33. Enzymes • Often end in –ase and can be named for what they work on “substrate” • For example- sucrase breaks down sucrose • Work by speeding up reactions by lowering the energy of activation • Activation energy: minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical rxn • All living organisms NEED enzymes!

34. Enzyme vocabulary • Enzymes are specific and reusable! • Substrate= what the enzymes work on • Reusable=are used over and over again • Specific=only work on one substrate

35. How enzymes work: • Enzymes act on substrates at an active site (imagine a flexible lock and key). • Coenzymes are enzyme helpers.

36. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products

37. Macromolecule #4 • Nucleic Acids • Contains C, H, O, N, P (phosphorous) • The monomers are nucleotides • Nucleotide structure: 1 pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), 1 phosphate, and 1 nitrogen base

38. Monomer of Nucleic Acids • Nucleotide

39. Macromolecule #4 Nucleic Acids Examples: Both found in the cell DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-genetic code ->heredity information in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or center of prokaryotic cells RNA (ribonucleic acid)-carries out genetic code of DNA, found throughout the all cells

40. Nitrogen bases • In DNA- Adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine • In RNA Adenine, uracil, cytosine & guanine

41. DNA

42. RNA

43. Name These Tests/Reagents

44. Recap

45. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Monosaccharide Fatty acids & glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides CHO CHO CHONP CHON ORGANIC Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain