Biology Notes Biochemistry Part 4 Pages 50-56

1. Biology NotesBiochemistryPart 4Pages 50-56

2. Standards 2.7Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes. 2.8Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.

3. Essential Question 1. Why are enzymes important to us and what Influences their actions?

4. I. Chemical Reactions chemicals Chemical Reaction = a process that changes one set of ___________ into another • In a chemical reaction, chemical ________ must be broken and new ________ formed • reactants = the chemicals that ______ the reaction and undergo transformation bonds bonds enter

5. exit • products = the chemicals that _____ the reaction e.g.

6. II. Reactions that Build & Break Polymers Most nutrients as well as nucleic acids are also _______________ or giant molecules. Once food is taken into the body, these large molecules are _______ down and used to build other ___________ macromolecules broken molecules

7. A. Building Polymers (Macromolecules) Dehydration Synthesis = the process that occurs to make __________ by removing _______ and forming _________ bonds between ___ monomers polymers water covalent 2

9. proteins • This process occurs to join: • amino acids into _________ • nucleotides into ____________ • monosaccharides into _____________ which can join together to form polysaccharides nucleic acids disaccharides

10. B. Breaking Polymers (Macromolecules) Hydrolysis = the process that occurs to break the _________ bonds in polymers by adding ______ and results in smaller __________ • in the body this is known as _________ covalent water monomers digestion

12. amino • This process occurs to break down: • proteins into _______ acids • nucleic acids into ____________ • polysaccharides into ______________ which can be broken down to _________________ nucleotides disaccharides monosaccharides

13. III. Speeding Chemical Reactions energy Activation energy = the amount of ________ required to ______ a chemical reaction start

14. speeds A. Catalysts & Enzymes Catalyst = any substance that _______ up a chemical reaction • catalysts lower the amount of __________ energy needed for a reaction to ______ Enzyme = a type of protein that acts as a __________ for specific chemical __________ activation begin catalyst reaction

15. activation • enzymes lower the amount of __________ energy in a chemical reaction e.g.

16. chemical catalyst • Enzymes are named for the __________ reaction they act as a _________ on • enzymes usually end in ______ e.g. - ase lipase = acts on lipids protease = acts on proteins

17. “lock” shape B.The Lock & Key Model: How Enzymes Work • the enzyme is the _______ and has a specific _______ where only certain substrates will fit • substrate = the reactants of a chemical _________ on which the enzymes will act upon • the substrate or _____ will fit into the reaction at the ________ site e.g. reaction “key” active see page 56

19. enzyme C.Enzymes Denatured Denaturization = the destruction of an _________ • denaturization can occur through changes in _____________, pH, pressure, or other ______________ called inhibitors • if enzymes are ___________, they can lose their structure and cannot ___________ temperature chemicals denatured function