AP US History

1. AP US History Test Review Lecture Series 400+ years of history in two weeks. Buckle Up…

2. What did the English settlers really want from colonization? • Religious Freedom—Puritans, Separatists, Catholics • Profit—Virginia Company • Land Rights • Primogeniture • Adventure • “Overpopulation”

3. How did the reliance on plantation agriculture affect the southern colonies? • Cash Crops—Carolinas Rice and Tobacco (Rolfe) • Heavy Planting, Nutrient Stripping, Need for new land • Dependence on others for food • Indian Reservations, Slavery

4. Differences and Similarities between New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies • Religion—City on a Hill • Farming • Family—Nuclear Family vs wandering single men • Money • Diversity • Survival Rates

5. Why did slavery grow to be such an important institution in colonial America? • Cash Crop • Indentured Servants • Massive Planting • Reliance on income • Racial discrimination—middle passage, slave codes

6. How democratic was colonial American society? • Whites, Indians, Blacks • Smith, Rolfe, De La Warr, Oglethorpe • Church A. Hutchinson, R. Williams • Mayflower Compact, House of Burgesses • Barbados Slave Codes

7. What were the causes and effects of the Great Awakening? • Lack of religious fervor • Church member  being saved • Jonathon Edwards • Sermons • National event • Question authority

8. Should the French and Indian War be considered one of the causes of the American Revolution? • Debt • Taxes • Seeds of Independence • Sugar and Currency Acts 1764 • Stamp Act 1765

9. Factors that moved America toward independence from Britain: • Sons of Liberty • Townshend Acts 1767 • Boycott • Boston Massacre • 1773 Tea tax • Boston tea Party • Coercive Acts—turn backs on Boston?

10. Comparison of British and American Patriots • Many apathetic and unaware • Patriots/Whigs—younger, New England Colonies • Tories/Loyalists—Middle, Southern Colonies • 20%, Older generation, conservative, wealthy  royal workers and Anglican clergy

11. What were the important contributions of the Articles of Confederation? • Legislative Branch only • Firm league of friendship among the states • No Congressional power to tax/commerce • One vote in Congress per state • Clearly outlines foreign affairs • Good intermediary government

12. Charles Beard’s view of Consti and founding fathers? • Revolutionary class struggle • Wealthy, stood to be wealthier had their worldly investments been protected by a stronger national government • Disenfranchised the poor due to the voting process at the time

13. Reason for the Bill of Rights? Rights? • Individual Liberties • 1—Personal Freedoms • 2—Bear Arms • 3—Protection from Quartering of troops • 4—Search and Seizure • 5—due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain • 6—trial by jury • 7—Civil trial by jury • 8—Cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail • 9—Protection of Rights not explicitly provided for • 10—Powers not expressed to national government lie with the states

14. Democratic-Republicans v. Federalists • Informed masses—strict constructionists—weak central gov’t—pro-French—small debt—anti-bank—pro-ag—small navy—anti-tariff • “best people”—loose constructionist—powerful central gov—pro-tariff—pro-brit—pro-central bank—restrict free speech and press—strong navy (merchants)

15. Revolution of 1800 • Jefferson/Burr • House of Representatives • Restructuring of Gov’t • Hand power from Federalists to Democratic-republicans in a peaceful manner

16. What were the forces behind the strong spirit of Nationalism? • Post 1812 • Emergence as a world power, pride at end of war • American Art and Literature • Revitalize Bank of US ’16 • New Capitol

17. Did the Missouri Compromise deal with the sectional conflict over slavery? • 1819 Sectional divide shows over Slave and Free • Missouri-Maine • 36°30’ • Prolonged the inevitable conflict

18. What was the purpose and result of the Monroe Doctrine? • Sprung from Canning (profit) • Stop colonization of European nations in the Western Hemisphere—Brit Protection • Non-colonization—if you have it, keep it, but no more • non-intervention—mind you business, keep monarchy in Europe • Recognition of Latin American Nations • People’s right to determine their own form of government

19. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the New Democracy? What made Jackson the symbol of this new Democracy? • Advantages-spread the right to vote to all men • Disadvantages-brought striking blows against women and African Americans • Symbol of New Democracy due to upbringing—self made man—represented the poor

20. How did the “log cabin and hard cider” campaign of 1840 demonstrate the nature of the two party system? • Democrats (Van Buren) v Whigs (Harrison) • Slams Harrison as “an impoverished farmer—Whigs work this to their advantage • Tippecanoe and Tyler too! • Democrats—liberty of individual and anti-”privilege” –states rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs • Whigs—Natural harmony of society, value of community—renewed bank, moral reforms, and internal improvements • Major voter mobilization from both

21. What technological innovations were important for the early 19th century economy? • Self-imposed embargo and war spawned technology • American System—Clay • Slater—Whitney—Howe—Fulton—Clinton—Morse—Field • Industrialization, and increased need for slavery

22. What particular qualities did evangelical religion give to early American culture? • Fire and Brimstone of the Second Great Awakening • Concerned with salvation again • Camp meetings • Revive the republic by getting closer to God • Leads to reform movements

23. Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? • Government allowed many freedoms • Refuge from the cities and overpopulation • Refine oneself • Transcendentalists, Communal living Women’s Movement, Abolitionists • Prison and Mental Health Reform

24. How did slavery impact whites? (owners, non owners) • Sir Walter Scott • Hierarchy—oligarchy • Money—politics and large plantations—small farmers sell out • Women—relationships with slaves—lives without

25. Necessary Evil  Positive Good • Rise of Abolitionism—Second Great Awakening • Bible supported—Aristotle • Christianity • Family • Comparison to Northern wage slaves • Social Security

26. Abolitionist Goals • End the “peculiar institution” • Religious momentum • TD Weld and the “Lane Rebels” • Harriet Beecher Stowe • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass

27. Why did the North resent the fugitive slave law? • Comp of 1850 • Bolstered Yank resistance (mod) • Fugitive Slave Law • Slaves do not get to testify on their own behalf • Pay of commissioner • Northern punishments

28. How did the Kansas-Nebraska act impact sectional tensions? • 1854 Stephen Douglas • Split Nebraska territory in two • Bleeding Kansas • Popular Sovereignty • Anti-Missouri Comp • Republican Party

29. Could reconstruction have been successful under Lincoln over Johnson? • Lincoln Assassination • Victorious Pres v. VP • Lincoln’s tact over Johnson’s anger • KKK • New Amendments 13, 14, 15

30. How justified were Lincoln’s wartime abridgements? • Blockade • Increased Federal Army • Increased Military Funding • Habeas Corpus denied • Supervision of border states • Suspension of Freedom of Speech • Copperheads

31. Soldiers v Civilians impact of Civil War • Only differences exist economically • South • Soldiers—Conscription • Civilians—Stronger central government • North • Soldiers—Conscription • Civilians—stronger central government

32. Did the result of the Civil war justify its costs? N v S • 15 Billion dollars • Loss of population • Loss of effective leaders • 600,000 lives lost • N-democracy proves itself yet again • S-losing is for the best

33. Why did the North win the Civil War? How could the South have won? • Money • By fighting to a draw

34. Civil War: Save the Union or Free the Slaves? • Initially, over Union • Emancipation Proclamation

35. Why did politics in the Gilded Age seemingly sink to such a low level? • Gospel of Wealth • Big Business • Poor Leaders • Political Machines • Immigration

36. Compromise of 1877: Cynical political deal or wise adjustment? • Hayes (R) -Tilden (D) • Comp of 1877 • Electoral Count Act • Hayes may take office if the troops pull out of the south

37. Costs and benefits of industrial transformation? • Costs- • Women and children • Poverty and crime • Housing • Working conditions • Benefits- • More wealth, better technology • Increased culture and sports • Efficiency • Career opportunities for women

38. What did the Populists and labor protests accomplish? • Populists—very little—inflationary platform and attention to those in debt • Labor • Unions • Haymarket square • American Federation of Labor

39. Election of 1896 • Bryan v. McKinley • Gold/Silver • Debtors v Rich • McKinley wins election • Not enough of a movement from populists…money

40. Causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War • Cuba 1896 • Maine Explosion • Yellow press • 1898 McKinley goes to war • 400 to bullets, 5000 to disease • Acquired an empire • Anti-imperialist league

41. Philippine-American War • Guerilla Warfare • Millions of Dollars • Forgotten War, much time passes with no results

42. Did the progressives reflect too much of a “middle class” outlook that ignored farmers, workers, and blacks? • Reason for success over Populists • Regulate industry and labor • Riis and other reformers • Workers • Blacks—WEB Du Bois • Farmers

43. Was the US neutral during the first years of WWI? • Wilson issues neutrality proclamation • Pro-Allies from outset • Recession • Lusitania • Steps to WWI

44. What was the fundamental reason America refused to join the league of nations? • League of Nations • Wilson vs. Lodge • Isolationism, partisanism

45. To what extent did the 20’s contribute to the Great Depression? • Installment plan/credit • Buying on margin • Big money in the hands of a few • Overproduction of wheat

46. Which of FDR’s methods were most effective in fighting the Great Depression? • Relief, Recovery, and Reform • 100 days Congress • Social Security • Keynesian Economic Policy (Op A.S.)

47. What were the positive and negative impacts of the New Deal’s use of federal government as an agency of social reform? • P- Restored Optimism • Consumer Confidence • Relief N- Did not really fix Depression? • Increased debt • Left people too dependant on government