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By Prof. Lydia Ayers

Intervals, Tuning and Scales 4. By Prof. Lydia Ayers. Bowed Strings (huqin). Erhu 2 strings with a snake-skin sound box <3:16> Wong On Yuen, erhu, performs Joshua Chan Kam Biu's Eternal Love. Wong On Yuen (gaohu). Bowed Strings (huqin). Gaohu

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By Prof. Lydia Ayers

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  1. Intervals, Tuning and Scales 4 By Prof. Lydia Ayers

  2. Bowed Strings (huqin) • Erhu • 2 strings with a snake-skin sound box • <3:16>Wong On Yuen, erhu, performs Joshua Chan Kam Biu's Eternal Love Wong On Yuen (gaohu)

  3. Bowed Strings (huqin) • Gaohu • 2 strings with a snake-skin sound box; higher than erhu • Zhonghu • lower than erhu • The shape of the resonatorvaries from circular to octagonal.

  4. fifth 3/2 Pythagorean Tuning • in common use in Greek Antiquity and the Middle Ages in western music • still used in Chinese music and some Indian ragas today • Pythagorean spiral of fifths • based upon pure 3/2 fifths

  5. Pythagorean Tuning • first discovered by Ling Lun, a court musician of Emperor Huang-Ti, possibly as early as the 27th century B.C. • used a length of bamboo called a "lu" — similar to paixiao Ling Lun's Tuning of the Lu paixiao by Edward Wong

  6. [i:57] Zheng Tuning Example 1392781 1 2 8 16 64

  7. Pythagorean Tuning [i:58] Pentatonic (5-note) scale of Ling Lun's Tuning of the Lu . Chinese: 1 2 3 5 6 1

  8. 1 1 3 2 9 4 9 8 3 2 3 2 1 2 x x x = = = Pythagorean Spiral of Fifths 1 1 4 3 3 2 16 9 9 8 C F G Bb D 32 27 27 16 A Eb , E Ab B Db Gb/F# 128 81 81 64 256 243 243 128 1024 729 729 512 Pythagorean 531441 Comma 524288

  9. Pythagorean Tuning [i:59] Pythagorean Major Scale

  10. [i:60]Comparing TuningSystems for the Major Scale

  11. Pythagorean Tuning • major third is very sharp, so major chord is out of tune [i:61] Pythagorean Major Chord

  12. [i:65]Just Natural Minor Scale

  13. Interval Flow Chart(major intervals on top) 9/815/8 / /\ / \ / 10/95/45/3 \ / / / \ / \ \ 1 - - - - - -4/3 - 3/2 - - - - - 2 \ \ / \ / / / \ 6/58/59/5 / \ / \ / / 16/1516/9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

  14. [i:66]Pythagorean Minor Scale [i:67] Comparing Tuning Systems for the Minor Scale

  15. Minor Chords • Pythagorean minor third is very flat, so chords are out of tune [i:68]Just Minor Triad [i:69]Pythagorean Minor Triad

  16. [i:70]Sometimes I feel Like a Motherless Child(Black American Spiritual) • A Natural Minor Scale

  17. Leading Tone • "leads" up to the tonic by a half step • seventh scale degree from the major scale [i:71]Leading Tone in C Major Scale

  18. [i:72]Harmonic Minor Scale • natural minor scale pattern with seventh scale degree borrowed from major scale to give a leading tone • modified by accidental, not by key signature Harmonic Minor Scale - Key of C

  19. [i:73]Melodic Minor Scale • natural minor scale pattern with raised tones going up and lowered tones coming down • closes gap between sixth and raised seventh scale degrees Melodic Minor Scale - Key of C Minor

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